Challenges in validating the sterilisation dose for processed human amniotic membranes

Most of the tissue banks in the Asia Pacific region have been using ionising radiation at 25 kGy to sterilise human tissues for save clinical usage. Under tissue banking quality system, any dose employed for sterilisation has to be validated and the validation exercise has to be a part of quality document. Tissue grafts, unlike medical items, are not produced in large number per each processing batch and tissues relatively have a different microbial population. A Code of Practice established by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in 2004 offers several validation methods using smaller number of samples compared to ISO 11137 (1995), which is meant for medical products. The methods emphasise on bioburden determination, followed by sterility test on samples after they were exposed to verification dose for attaining of sterility assurance level (SAL) of 10⁻¹. This paper describes our experience in using the IAEA Code of Practice in conducting the validation exercise for substantiating 25 kGy as sterilisation dose for both air-dried amnion and those preserved in 99% glycerol.     

Facile Synthesis of 1, 2-Diazepine Derivatives under Microwave Irradiation

An efficient and convenient synthesis of 3, 5, 7-triaryl-4H-1, 2-diazepine from 2, 4,6-triarylpyrylium salts and hydrazine in water under microwave irradiation is reported. The same reaction can be conducted using 2, 4, 6-triarylthiopyrylium salts and hydrazine.     

Emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate under pulsed microwave irradiation

Emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) under pulsed microwave irradiation (PMI) with higher peak pulse power was studied. The effects of various parameters of PMI on the polymerization were analyzed and compared with that under conventional heating (CH) process. The results were summarized, as compared with that under CH, as follows. The amount of initiator used to reach constant conversion reduced by 50% at the same polymerization time; at the same initiator concentration 0.15 and 0.2 wt.%, the polymerization rate increased by 131% and 163%, respectively. The molecular weight of polymer obtained was 1.1-2.0 times larger than that under CH; at the same irradiation energy, the conversion achieved using a lower pulse power was greater than that using a higher pulse power. There seemed to be a factor of the irradiation energy efficiency; in other words, for the monomer conversion, the irradiation energy of low pulse power had a higher efficiency. The conversion achieved using a 3.5 μs pulse width was almost the same as that using a 1.5 μs pulse width. The results indicated that PMI had a significant non-thermal effect on the emulsion polymerization of MMA so as to effectively enhance the polymerization rate. The glass transition temperature (T_g), the polydispersity index (PDI) and the regularity of the polymer obtained using two processes were similar, indicating that the physical properties and microstructure of the polymer were not modified by the use of microwaves.     

Microwave assisted green chemical synthesis of novel spiro[indole-pyrido thiazines]: a system reluctant to be formed under thermal conditions

Spiro [3H-indole-3,2′-[4H] pyrido [3,2-e]-1,3-thiazine]-2,4′ (1H) diones, a class of previously unknown compound which does not form under conventional conditions, can be prepared by treatment of ‘in situ’ generated 3-indolylimine derivatives with 2-mercaptonicotinic acid under microwave irradiation in absence of any solvent or solid support in 85-92% yields in 3-8 min. The facile one pot reaction is generalized for a variety of ketones and amines to give pure pyrido [3,2-e] thiazine derivatives, which do not require further purification processes.     

微波作用下2,5-二取代-1,3,4-噁二唑的合成

2 ,5 二取代 1 ,3 ,4 二唑可用作药品 ,光敏物质 ,闪烁体 ,激光材料 ,高分子液晶单体等[1- 5] 。一种是以芳香酸与水合肼作为原料用多聚磷酸作为脱水环合剂来合成此类化合物[6 ] ,另一种是由芳香酸转变为芳香酰氯或酯 ,再与水合肼反应得到单酰肼或二酰肼 ,最后用三氯氧磷[7] ,五氧化二磷和五氯化磷[8] ,一氯三甲硅[9] 脱水环合 ;此外 ,用水合肼和尿素合成得到的氨基脲代替水合肼 ,与芳香酸缩合合成二唑[10 ] ,这些方法共同的缺陷是 :环合时间较长 ,少者 4～ 5ｈ ,多则 8ｈ。近年来 ,微波技术在有机合成及其杂环化合物的合成中得到了广…     

Photochemical reactions of a dimethacrylate compound containing a chalcone moiety in the main chain

We synthesized the new photosensitive oligomer containing a chalcone moiety in the main chain by end-capping reaction of diepoxide compound with methacrylic acid. The chalcone-epoxy oligomeric compound was synthesized with 4,4^′-dihydroxychalcone and epichlorohydrin. Investigation of the photosensitivity of the newly synthesized chalcone oligomer was carried out by using UV-Vis absorption and infrared spectroscopies under UV exposure. We observed the photodimerization behavior under UV irradiation. At the same time, we could also observe the photopolymerization of the compound with a trace amount of dimethoxyphenyl acetophenone. Thermal properties of UV-cured dimethacrylate compounds were also studied.     

H_2TPP与AgNO_3在乙醇中的光反应

用紫外可见吸收光谱研究了 5,10 ,15,2 0 -四苯基卟啉 (H2 TPP)的乙醇溶液与AgNO3的乙醇溶液混合后 ,在光照条件下的化学反应。谱图显示H2 TPP发生络合反应 ,生成其二价银络合物Ag(Ⅱ )TPP。银胶能加快该反应的速度。     

EPR detection of foods preserved with ionizing radiation

The applicability of the epr technique for the detection of dried vegetables, mushrooms, some spices, flavour additives and some condiments preserved with ionizing radiation is discussed. The epr signals recorded after exposure to gamma rays and to beams of 10 MeV electrons from linac are stable, intense and specific enough as compared with those observed with nonirradiated samples and could be used for the detection of irradiation. However, stability of radiation induced epr signals produced in these foods depends on storage condition.

No differences in shapes (spectral parameters) and intensities of the epr spectra recorded with samples exposed to the same doses of gamma rays (⁶⁰Co) and 10 MeV electrons were observed     

氯代膦烯化合物与零价钯的氧化加成反应机理探讨

与氯代烯烃或芳烃相反, 氯代膦烯与零价钯的氧化加成反应可以在温和条件下进行. 提出了可能的反应机理. 起始卤代膦烯的结构决定了反应历程和最终产物的结构.     

紫外分光光度法测定高山红景天根及其浸膏的有效成分

使用紫外分光光度法测定了高山红景天根不同部位及其浸膏中主要有效成分的含量.红景天甙、酪醇对照品溶液和供试品溶液在276nm处具有最大吸收峰,红景天甙对照品溶液的线性回归方程为A=0.00529c+0.00189,r=0.99997(n=8),线性范围为7.97～71.71mg/L,平均回收率为98.08%,RSD为2.60%(n=5).测得高山红景天原药材内层部分、外皮层部分和总体混合物部分主要有效成分(红景天甙和酪醇)的含量(以红景天甙计)分别为2.789%,2.385%和2.617%,其浸膏中主要有效成分的质量分数分别为6.384%,13.80%和6.700%.并用HPLC法验证了该法的准确性,结果表明,该法可用于红景天属植物原药材及其浸膏中主要有效成分的定量分析.