可见-近红外光谱的滨海土壤“除水”盐分估测

滨海盐碱区土壤盐分的快速、准确监测对土地合理利用和保护具有重要意义。可见光近红外（Vis-NIR）光谱技术已广泛用于土壤属性的高效估测。然而,水分对含盐土壤光谱的干扰导致传统土壤盐分估测模型的精度降低。旨在探究分段直接标准化（PDS）和正交信号校正（OSC）在含水条件下土壤盐分估测中的应用,从而建立面向滨海盐碱区的“除水”Vis-NIR定量模型。为此,将获取的144份黄河三角洲滨海盐碱区表层（0~20 cm）土壤盐分数据划分为建模集（17个样本）和验证集（127个样本）。通过严格加水控制实验,测量10个含水率梯度（0%,1%,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%,30%,40%和50%）的建模集土壤光谱数据,验证集的土壤光谱则是根据生成的1~50随机整数,通过随机加水实验测量获取。采用PDS和OSC与偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）结合的建模策略,构建土壤盐分估测模型,并进行性能验证和比较。结果表明,OSC比PDS更能有效减轻水分在土壤盐分估测中的建模干扰。具体来说,光谱校正前后生成的所有PLSR模型均取得一定的成功（R2_P=0.79~0.91,RMSE_P=2.6~3.98 g·kg-1,RPD=1.98~2.37）。OSC-PLSR模型的土壤盐分估测精度提高,R2_P,RMSE_P和RPD分别为0.91和2.6 g·kg-1和2.37。而PDS-PLSR模型效果不理想,R2_P,RMSE_P和RPD分别为0.79,3.98 g·kg-1和1.98。模型整体表现出了OSC-PLSR>PLSR>PDS-PLSR的土壤盐分估测性能。此外,提出了变量投影重要性（VIP）和Spearman相关系数（r）结合的分析策略,进一步探究了模型的估测机理。模型的重要波长（VIP>1）与土壤盐分敏感波长（|r|>0.4）吻合,对估测模型有重要意义。比较而言,OSC-PLSR精确提炼了位于830,1 940和2 050 nm附近的模型估测的关键波长,而常规的PLSR和PDS-PLSR包含了大量的冗余信息。综合来看,OSC-PLSR模型在Vis-NIR土壤盐分估测中具有较好的除水效果,为土壤含水状态下的土壤盐分研究提供可靠方法。     

Application of Co-Culture Technology to Enhance Protease Production by Two Halophilic Bacteria,Marinirhabdus sp. and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus

Although axenic microbial cultures form the basis of many large successful industrial biotechnologies, the production of single commercial microbial strains for use in large environmental biotechnologies such as wastewater treatment has proved less successful. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of the co-culture of two halophilic bacteria, Marinirhabdus sp. and Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus for enhanced protease activity. The co-culture was significantly more productive than monoculture (1.6–2.0 times more growth), with Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus being predominant (64%). In terms of protease activity, enhanced total activity (1.8–2.4 times) was observed in the co-culture. Importantly, protease activity in the co-culture was found to remain active over a much broader range of environmental conditions (temperature 25 °C to 60 °C, pH 4–12, and 10–30% salinity, respectively). This study confirms that the co-culturing of halophilic bacteria represents an economical approach as it resulted in both increased biomass and protease production, the latter which showed activity over arange of environmental conditions.     

一种超支化疏水缔合聚合物的制备与性能评价

首先制备了疏水单体2-丙烯酰胺基十四烷磺酸,在此基础上又以改性Si O2功能单体为反应核制备了超支化疏水缔合聚合物(HBPAM),结构经红外光谱(FTIR)和核磁共振氢谱(1H NMR)表征证实。HBPAM在低浓度时主要是分子内缔合,表观黏度低,随着浓度的增加,分子内缔合逐渐变为分子间缔合,又因其独特的三维立体网状结构,溶液黏度显著增加。与梳形KYPAM相比,HBPAM在耐温抗盐及抗剪切方面有较高的优势:升温到85℃时黏度保留率为62.2%;100000mg·L-1Na Cl、150000 mg·L-1Na Cl、500 mg·L-1Mg Cl2、1000 mg·L-1Mg Cl2、500 mg·L-1Ca Cl2、1000 mg·L-1Ca Cl2时的黏度保留率分别为233.0%、132.9%、64.4%、26.1%、66.2%、15.7%;3400rpm/min剪切30s后HBPAM的黏度保留率为69.8%,比KYPAM高10.9%。在60℃烘箱中的30d老化实验证明,HBPAM比KYPAM有明显抗老化能力,尤其是在高矿化度条件下优势更明显。     

Influence of water filtration on the determination of a wide range of dissolved contaminants at parts-per-trillion levels

The adsorption of dissolved organic contaminants on glass fibre filters throughout water dissolved/particulate phase decoupling studies was examined. A total of 49 different compounds were considered at low concentration levels (ng L⁻¹), including PAHs, PCBs, organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides, triazines, thiocarbamates, pyrethroids, phosphate esters and caffeine. Their adsorption on the filters was positively correlated with their log Kow and solubilities, indicating that filter adsorption increased with hydrophobicity. The influence of water properties (i.e. salinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content) was also studied by means of a star experimental design (n = 11). Salinity was the main factor in increasing the adsorption, due to the salting out effect. The influence of DOC suggested that part of the contaminant losses during water filtration may have been caused by the retention on the organic matter adsorbed on the filter surface. Nevertheless, a decrease in filter retention was observed for water with the highest DOC contents, which was probably due to an enhancement of the contaminant solubility in these conditions. Although several factors may control the adsorption process in naturally occurring waters, the extent of the retention of dissolved target analytes on the glass fibre filters should not be underestimated in the analysis of hydrophobic contaminants in marine and estuarine waters at very low concentrations (ppt level).     

进水盐度对膜生物反应器运行效能的影响研究

进水盐度对膜生物反应器(MBR)的运行效能影响显著,尤其是进水含盐量为5 g/L时,明显恶化了污泥可滤性,膜污染速率加快;MBR混合液中溶解性微生物产物(SMP)和胞外聚合物(EPS)含量随钠离子浓度变化而变化,其中SMP中蛋白质含量与钠离子浓度密切相关;与紧密结合态EPS(TB)相比,钠离子含量对松散结合态EPS(LB)浓度的影响更大;不同盐度对COD及NH4+-N影响不明显,系统对COD及NH4+-N的去除效果稳定,分别保持在92%及94%以上,高盐度对MBR总磷去除率降低明显。     

巯基棉分离富集-ICP-AES测定高盐体系中痕量的铅、镉

采用巯基棉富集分离,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法（ICP-AES）测定了高盐水样中痕量的铅、镉。研究表明,pH值为7时,巯基棉同时富集铅、镉的效果最好,可成功分离基体元素,以盐酸（1.5mol/L）溶液洗脱,铅、镉的加标回收率在95.0%~105.0%,相对标准偏差RSD为3.8%~9.7%。     

助表面活性剂对阴/阳离子表面活性剂复配形成微乳液的影响

中相微乳液;盐度扫描;助表面活性剂对阴/阳离子表面活性剂复配形成微乳液的影响     

Effect of Native Reservoir State and Oilfield Operations on Clay Mineral Surface Chemistry

An understanding of clay mineral surface chemistry is becoming critical as deeper levels of control of reservoir rock wettability via fluid–solid interactions are sought. Reservoir rock is composed of many minerals that contact the crude oil and control the wetting state of the rock. Clay minerals are one of the minerals present in reservoir rock, with a high surface area and cation exchange capacity. This is a first-of-its-kind study that presents zeta potential measurements and insights into the surface charge development process of clay minerals (chlorite, illite, kaolinite, and montmorillonite) in a native reservoir environment. Presented in this study as well is the effect of fluid salinity, composition, and oilfield operations on clay mineral surface charge development. Experimental results show that the surface charge of clay minerals is controlled by electrostatic and electrophilic interactions as well as the electrical double layer. Results from this study showed that clay minerals are negatively charged in formation brines as well as in deionized water, except in the case of chlorite, which is positively charged in formation water. In addition, a negative surface charge results from oilfield operations, except for operations at a high alkaline pH range of 10–13. Furthermore, a reduction in the concentrations of Na, Mg, Ca, and bicarbonate ions does not reverse the surface charge of the clay minerals; however, an increase in sulfate ion concentration does. Established in this study as well, is a good correlation between the zeta potential value of the clay minerals and contact angle, as an increase in fluid salinity results in a reduction of the negative charge magnitude and an increase in contact angle from 63 to 102 degree in the case of chlorite. Lastly, findings from this study provide vital information that would enhance the understanding of the role of clay minerals in the improvement of oil recovery.     

Co-Digestion of Grape Marc and Cheese Whey at High Total Solids Holds Potential for Sustained Bioenergy Generation

At the end of fermentation, wine contains approximately 20% (w/v) of solid material, known as grape marc (GM), produced at a yield of 2 t/ha. Cheese manufacture produces cheese whey (CW), which is over 80% of the processed milk, per unit volume. Both waste types represent an important fraction of the organic waste being disposed of by the wine and dairy industries. The objective of this study was to investigate the bioenergy potential through anaerobic codigestion of these waste streams. The best bioenergy profile was obtained from the digestion setups of mixing ratio 3/1 GM/CW (wet weight/wet weight). At this ratio, the inhibitory salinity of CW was sufficiently diluted, resulting in 23.73% conversion of the organic material to methane. On average, 64 days of steady bioenergy productivity was achieved, reaching a maximum of 85 ± 0.4% CH₄ purity with a maximum cumulative methane yield of 24.4 ± 0.11 L CH₄ kg⁻¹ VS. During the fermentation there was 18.63% CODt removal, 21.18% reduction of conductivity whilst salinity rose by 36.19%. It can be concluded that wine and dairy industries could utilise these waste streams for enhanced treatment and energy recovery, thereby developing a circular economy.     

Flow injection analysis as a tool for enhancing oceanographic nutrient measurements—A review

Macronutrient elements (C, N and P) and micronutrient elements (Fe, Co, Cu, Zn and Mn) are widely measured in their various physico-chemical forms in open ocean, shelf sea, coastal and estuarine waters. These measurements help to elucidate the biogeochemical cycling of these elements in marine waters and highlight the ecological and socio-economic importance of the oceans. Due to the dynamic nature of marine waters in terms of chemical, biological and physical processes, it is advantageous to make these measurements in situ and in this regard flow injection analysis (FIA) provides a suitable shipboard platform. This review, therefore, discusses the role of FIA in the determination of macro- and micro-nutrient elements, with an emphasis on manifold design and detection strategies for the reliable shipboard determination of specific nutrient species. The application of various FIA manifolds to oceanographic nutrient determinations is discussed, with an emphasis on sensitivity, selectivity, high throughput analysis and suitability for underway analysis and depth profiles. Strategies for enhancing sensitivity and minimizing matrix effects, e.g. refractive index (schlieren) effects and the important role of uncertainty budgets in underpinning method validation and data quality are discussed in some detail.