Evaluation of the effect of the 2011 Tsunami on coastal forests by means of multiple isotopic analyses of tree-rings

The March 2011 Mega-Tsunami in eastern Japan damaged at different degrees the black pine (Pinus thunbergii) forests along the coast. In order to evaluate the recovery of black pine four years later, tree-ring samples from 9 trees for the period 2002–2014 were analyzed for ring growth and stable isotopes (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N and δ¹⁸O). The results showed that annual tree-ring width decreased approximately 70?% from the year 2011 to 2014 compared to the period previous to the tsunami (2002–2010). The multiple isotopic analyses showed that the reduction in growth was caused by soil salinity that prompted stomatal closure and an abrupt increase of tree-ring δ¹³C. Sea water deposition in the soil did not affect tree-ring δ¹⁸O values. Two years after the tsunami, decreasing tree-ring δ¹³C values caused by apparently photosynthetic recovery did not translate into radial tree-growth, indicating a possible shift in carbon allocation to foliage and mainly roots as a defense mechanism to sodium toxicity. The dual δ¹³C-δ¹⁸O model explains neither the limited growth nor the subsequent recovery in δ¹³C. Similarly tree-ring δ¹⁵N indicated that there was no difference in nitrogen availability before and after the tsunami, suggesting that nutrients were not a limitation but rather soil salinity.     

When and where rivers meet the sea

River mouth areas provide one of the most desired locations for human habitation. Although occupying only a small portion of the total length of the world's shoreline, river mouths are dynamic and complex with highly variable physical and chemical characteristics.The size, shape, and position of a river's mouth are dependent on its geologic and hydrologic history. Further, the processes that operate in a river's mouth are affected by the sea and its currents, tides, and salinity; the river and its discharge and sediment characteristics; and wind generated waves and storm surges. Present-day locations are, geologically speaking, of recent origin because of the rise in sea level that accompanied deglaciation and the sedimentation that followed drowning.     

Types of saltwater intrusion of the Changjiang Estuary

The Changjiang Estuary is characterized by multi-order bifurcations, unsteady submerged sandbars, mid-channel sandbars, creeks and riffles. The following four types of saltwater intrusion are found: (1) direct intrusion from the sea; (2) intrusion during tidal flooding; (3) intrusion from tidal flats overflow; and (4) salt water coming upstream through other waterways. These result in a complicated temporal and spatial salinity distribution. A high chlorinity concentration zone exists from the Liuhekou to the Sidongkou along the South Branch. The salinity during neap tide or ordinary tide is higher than during spring tide.     

A Salt-Tolerant Yeast-Based Microbial Sensor for 24 Hour Community Wastewater Monitoring in Coastal Regions

A microbial sensor for rapid determination of the concentration of biodegradable pollutants in wastewater has been developed using the salt-tolerant yeast Arxula adeninivorans LS3 immobilized by gel entrapment with poly (carbamoyl) sulfonate hydrogel (PCS gel) on a Clark-type oxygen electrode. This sensor needs 5min for every measurement instead of 5 days for BOD₅. The sensor has a linear response of up to 550mgL^–1 BOD with a correlation of coefficient R²=0.9785. The detection limit was calculated to be 2.1mgL^–1 BOD equivalents, and the determination limit was 6.0mgL^–1 BOD equivalents. The high tolerance to salt of the Arxula adeninivorans LS3 strain prevents the inactivation of cells caused by the seawater from affecting the measurements. In a 24-hour comparative study using real wastewater samples from an international college situated in Hong Kong, the microbial sensor showed a very good correlation (R²=0.9134) with the standard BOD₅ method and truly reflected the life cycle of the college people. The microbial sensor allows almost ideal real-time monitoring in water pollution and degradation.     

Numerical modeling of cohesive sediments dynamics in estuaries: Part I—Description of the model and simulations in the Po River Estuary

The present work contributes to the numerical modeling of complex turbulent multiphasic fluid flows occurring in estuarine channels. This research finds its motivation in the increasing need for efficient management of estuaries by taking into account the complex turbulent stratified flows encountered in estuaries and costal zones. A time‐dependent, 3D finite element model of suspended sediment transport taking into account the effects of cohesiveness between sediments is presented. The model estuary is the forced time‐dependent winds, time elevation at open boundaries and river discharge. To cope with the stiffness problems a decoupling method is employed to solve the shallow‐water equations of mass conservation, momentum and suspended sediment transport with the conventional hydrostatic pressure. The decoupling method partitions a time step into three subcycles according to the physical phenomena. In the first sub‐cycle the pure hydrodynamics including the k–ε turbulence model is solved, followed by the advection–diffusion equations for pollutants (salinity, temperature, suspended sediment concentration, (SSC)), and finally the bed evolution is solved. The model uses a mass‐preserving method based on the so‐called Raviart–Thomas finite element on the unstructured mesh in the horizontal plane, while the multi‐layers system is adopted in vertical with the conventional conforming finite element method, with the advantage that the lowermost and uppermost layers of variable height allow a faithful representation of the time‐varying bed and free surface, respectively. The model has been applied to investigate the SSC and seabed evolution in Po River Estuary (PRE) in Italy. The computed results mimic the field data well. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

金属阳离子对聚丙烯酰胺溶液黏度的影响及其降黏机理研究

聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)是油田常用的驱油聚合物,用油田污水配制HPAM溶液易导致其黏度明显降低,影响驱油效果。依据埕东油田污水实测的各种金属阳离子含量来配制HPAM溶液,测得各金属阳离子对其黏度影响由大到小的顺序为:Na⁺>Fe²⁺>Ca²⁺>K⁺>Mg²⁺;通过红外光谱和扫描电镜分析金属阳离子导致HPAM溶液降黏的机理,Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺主要是通过与HPAM链上的羧酸根阴离子静电引力相互作用,降低HPAM分子表面原有的电荷密度,造成分子链卷曲,同时减弱了极性基团的溶剂化能力,释放大量的"束缚水",从而使黏度显著降低;Fe²⁺离子主要是与水中溶解氧共同作用,引发自由基反应,导致HPAM骨架水解断裂,致使黏度显著降低。     

涡旋光束在不同盐度的水下湍流中的传输特性的实验研究

研究光束在海洋湍流中的传输特性尤为重要.为了更贴近实际情况,人工搭建了能控制水下湍流强度和盐度的装置来研究涡旋光束和高斯光束在水下湍流中的传输特性.结果表明:相比于未添加海盐的水下湍流,光束在增添海盐的水下湍流中传输光斑会更加弥散,光强会更弱.无论是强湍流还是弱湍流,m=2的涡旋光束在盐度为4.35‰的水下湍流中的闪烁...     

塔河油田奥陶系热流体活动期次的流体包裹体证据

针对塔河油田奥陶系存在多期热流体活动,利用显微测温技术检测流体包裹体的均一温度,并开展激光拉曼分析得出流体包裹体中流体的盐度,从而按各自的标准分别划分热流体活动的期次.测试结果的对比和综合分析表明,两种方法确定出的热流体活动期次具有良好的一致性.塔河油田奥陶系在地质历史时期共经历了5期热流体活动,且由流体包裹体记录的各期热流体的平均温度分别为:89.4～97.0、105.7～¨2.3、¨7.6～127.7、133.4～141.3和149.6～157.5 C.     

海水盐度光纤遥测技术研究——测量原理

提出了一种用于海水盐度检测的光学新方法 ,利用光纤光学技术与CCD检测相结合的测量技术 ,并通过测量待测海水与参考蒸馏水的折射率差的方法 ,减小了盐度测量受温度的影响 ,并可实现海水盐度的自动化远距离遥测。建立了测量原理的理论模型。该系统水下的测量探头部分由无源的全光学结构组成 ,具有结构紧凑、精度高、抗电磁干扰、防燃、防爆、可柔性弯曲等诸多优点 ,在海洋勘探 ,环境监测以及军事、进出口贸易中的水尺计重等领域有广泛的应用前景和实用价值