可见光-近红外、中红外光谱的土壤有机质组分反演

土壤有机质是土壤肥力的物质基础,其含量的高低是评价土壤肥力的重要标志。土壤有机质组分根据其溶解性可分为胡敏素(HM)、胡敏酸(HA)、富里酸(FA),不同组分的肥力特性差异显著,因此,土壤有机质组分数据可更加全面、客观的反映土壤肥力状况。传统土壤土壤有机质及组分的测定工序繁杂,效率低下且时效性差,大量研究表明高光谱技术能有效提高土壤属性的检测效率并降低测试成本,但关于可见光-近红外、中红外光谱检测土壤有机质组分的报道鲜见。为了探索中红外光谱及可见光-近红外-中红外组合光谱对土壤有机质组分检测的可行性,并对比有机质单一光谱模型与有机质不同组分的组合光谱模型的预测精度,以南疆地区农田土壤为例,在阿克苏及和田地区共采集93个土样,进行有机质、胡敏素、胡敏酸、富里酸含量及光谱数据的测定。其次,利用可见-近红外(VNIR)、中红外(MIR)及其组合光谱(VNIR-MIR)三种光谱数据集,采用偏最小二乘(PLSR)、支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)三种建模方式对土壤有机质、胡敏素、胡敏酸、富里酸含量进行组合模型分析预测。结果表明：(1)土壤有机质及各组分均与光谱反射率有较好的相关性,土壤有机质及组分在MIR谱段的特征波段数量明显多于VNIR谱段。(2)有机质最优预测模型的模式为VNIR-MIR-RF,该模型的决定系数R2为0.90;胡敏素与胡敏酸最优预测模型的模式均为VNIR-RF模型,R2均为0.92;富里酸最优预测模型的模式为MIR-RF模型,R2为0.94。(3) 基于胡敏素、胡敏酸和富里酸的有机质组合光谱模型的预测精度明显高于有机质单一光谱模型,两种模型的R2分别为0.93和0.90。实现了土壤有机质组分的高效快速反演,且基于有机质组分的组合模型提高了土壤有机质预测精度,为南疆地区大尺度土壤肥力的鉴定与精准施肥提供重要的参考价值。     

蒙古栎展叶盛期变化的光谱特征及其影响因素研究

植物生长状况是反映环境变化的重要指标,在全球环境变化格局下,研究多环境因子及交互作用对植物的影响尤为重要。为探究植物光谱特征响应环境变化,从而探究环境变化对植物生长状况的影响,同时实现遥感对植物的监测,该研究以东北地区优势树种蒙古栎为研究对象,分析研究了不同光周期、温度和氮沉降交互作用引起的蒙古栎展叶盛期冠层光谱反射特征变化。基于大型人工气候室模拟试验,设置3个温度,3个光周期和2个氮沉降交互处理,每个处理4个重复。当蒙古栎进入展叶盛期时,每个处理选择差异较小的三个重复,使用FieldSpec Pro FR 2500型背挂式野外高光谱辐射仪测量光谱反射率。对不同处理的蒙古栎冠层光谱反射率进行分析,选取NDVI（归一化植被指数）、Chl NDI（归一化叶绿素指数）和PRI（光化学反射指数）3个常用的光谱指数作为辅助分析,同时计算一阶导数光谱以得到红边斜率、红边位置、红边面积等参数。不同处理展叶盛期的蒙古栎光谱反射率趋势大体一致,均符合植物特有的光谱反射特征,在350~680 nm范围内有一个小的波峰,680~750 nm反射率显著上升,750 nm后进入反射平台。结果表明：(1）光周期对于蒙古栎冠层的光谱反射率没有明显的影响;(2）增温会减小蒙古栎冠层在350~750 nm波段处的光谱反射率;(3）施氮会导致蒙古栎展叶盛期350~750 nm波段和750~1 100 nm波段处的光谱反射率降低;(4）增温和施氮的交互作用会显著减小蒙古栎的光谱反射率;(5）通过一阶导数光谱可清晰地指示植物的红边特征。研究结果可为物候变化的监测与影响因素分析提供理论依据。     

A non-standard auxiliary integrating sphere and correction method for the realization of diffuse reflectance

To realize spectral diffuse reflectance scale in 0/d geometric condition at National Institute of Metrology in China (NIM), a facility based on a non-standard auxiliary integrating sphere method with special structure has been built up and a correction method for the influence on the thickness of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) coating at the port of auxiliary integrating sphere is mainly discussed. The uncertainty of spectral diffuse reflectance in NIM is approximately 0.25% (k = 2) in 380–800 nm. This facility has been used to establish China diffuse reflectance scales in the VIS–NIR part of the spectrum. This system and correction method presented in this paper can be easily implemented on most commercial spectrophotometers with a lower cost.     

Femtosecond Diffuse-Reflectance Spectroscopy of Various Commercially Available TiO2 Powders

The transient absorption properties of several commercially available TiO₂ photocatalysts were investigated by femtosecond diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy. Using femtosecond diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy, the quantities and rates of the initial trapping processes of holes and electrons generated by the photoexcitation of TiO₂ photocatalysts were investigated. It was found that the total amounts of trapped electrons for the pure-anatase and pure-rutile TiO₂ became smaller with increasing particle size, but increased again when the particles’ diameters were larger than 50 nm. The anatase–rutile mixed TiO₂ photocatalysts were found to have smaller amounts of trapped electrons compared with pure-anatase and pure-rutile TiO₂ photocatalysts. The lifetimes of trapped holes of various TiO₂ photocatalysts were also investigated, and it was found that the lifetimes were proportional to the anatase–rutile mixed ratios.     

Time-Resolved Reflectance of an Optical Pulse in Adult Heads Based on the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Analysis

Time-resolved reflectance of an optical pulse in adult head models including non-scattering cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been analyzed by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis formulated by the authors. Averaged light intensity and mean time of flight dependences on the source-detector separations calculated by the FDTD analysis are in good agreement with previous experiments, hybrid finite element method (FEM) and Monte Carlo calculations, which justify the FDTD analysis. Based on the analysis, time-resolved reflectance sensitivities to detect optical property changes in brain have been analyzed. As a result, it has been become clear that the sensitivities to detect absorption changes of brain are enhanced in time-resolved reflectance compared to the sensitivities in averaged light intensity, whereas the sensitivities to detect scattering property changes of brain are almost the same in time-resolved reflectance and in averaged light intensity. © 2005 The Optical Society of Japan     

三维变角反射计

本文介绍了三维变角反射计的结构.检验了球形照明球的亮度均匀性、测量系统的线性性、单色仪的波长准确度和杂散辐射等参数.测定了漫射陶瓷板和海伦(Halon)粉末压制板的反射亮度分布曲线.讨论了变角反射计在色度学和光谱光度学中的重要应用.     

原位光谱反射比测量系统设计

介绍了用光纤和双通道光谱仪测量光谱反射比的技术优势，并着重讨论了原位光谱及光谱反射比测量系统的主要技术。利用这套测量装置对真空室中试验样品氧化前后进行测量，得到了与计量院标定值一致的结果。     

动态特性的参数设计在差示光度法测金中的应用

本文提出对动态特性参数设计使用相关系数与信噪比作为内表指标进行分析 ,并使用该分析方法优化了差示光度法测较高浓度金矿样的试验条件。     

Regression-based model of skin diffuse reflectance for skin color analysis

A simple regression-based model of skin diffuse reflectance is developed based on reflectance samples calculated by Monte Carlo simulation of light transport in a two-layered skin model. This reflectance model includes the values of spectral reflectance in the visible spectra for Japanese women. The modified Lambert Beer law holds in the proposed model with a modified mean free path length in non-linear density space. The averaged RMS and maximum errors of the proposed model were 1.1 and 3.1%, respectively, in the above range.     

Super Narrow Bandpass Filter Using Fractal Cantor Structures

In this paper, we present a new photonic crystal structure, which is composed of fractal Cantor multilayer with a defect embedded in its middle. Optical transmission matrix method is used to calculating the transmittance and reflectance. Compared with general Cantor multilayer, we find the new structure has wider stopband and shows a super narrow band in the middle of wider stopband. It can be served as a super narrow bandpass filter. The pass band obtained can be less than 0.6nm near the infrared 1530 nm. The optical transmission is the center wavelength is higher than 99 %. This means a very low insert loss. It is more superior to other kind narrow band filters. This kind of photonic crystal super narrow band optical filter may find applications in super dense wavelength division multiplexing for optical communications and precise optical measurement.