Characteristic time scales of velocity and pressure events

Numerical and wind tunnel simulations of full-scale wind loads on structures are usually performed at a lower Reynolds number and different turbulence parameters. One way to assess the validity of such simulations is through matching magnitudes, duration and/or spectral characteristics of simulated pressure peaks with full-scale data. Because wavelet analysis provides a time/frequency decomposition, it has been proposed as an analysis tool for the intermittent and transient pressure peaks. This work aims at answering the question as to whether different wavelets yield the same-scale decomposition of pressure peaks and velocity events and could, thus, be used as a tool for the analysis of extreme loads on structures. The results show that, by isolating the peaks or events with a modified Gaussian window prior to applying the wavelet transform, the dependence of the measured time scale on different wavelet functions is reduced. The time scales of the pressure peak and the velocity event are estimated to be about the same indicating that one contributing factor, at the peak scale, to the pressure peak lies in the variation of the incoming flow at the same scale.     

Measuring the extent of phase separation during polymerization of composite latex particles using modulated temperature DSC

The morphological features of composite latex particles predominantly develop during the polymerization process and depend upon a significant number of variables. In this study, we have concentrated on the relative polarities of the two polymers in the particles and the rate at which we added the monomers during semibatch reactions containing the seed polymer latex. Our particular interest was to develop data that could reveal the extent of polymer phase separation as a function of the amount of monomer fed, and to characterize the morphology resulting from it. While TEM is the most common analytical technique employed, we show in this paper that modulated temperature DSC can generate data that allows us to follow the phase separation process as the monomer feed progresses. By considering the possibilities of having “phases” within the particles of pure polymer, homogeneously mixed (but nonequilibrium) polymers, gradient and interfacial polymer, we have been able to quite successfully simulate the DSC data. This results in quantitative estimates of the relative amounts of these “phases” and their polymer compositions. Combining these results with TEM photos showing the spatial characteristics of the morphology, we can achieve a much greater understanding of the physical structure of the composite latex particles. In many cases we find that phase separation is far from complete at the end of the reaction process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 2790–2806, 2005     

The least slope of a convex function and the maximal monotonicity of its subdifferential

In this paper, we give a direct proof of Rockafellar's result that the subdifferential of a proper convex lower-semicontinuous function on a Banach space is maximal monotone. Our proof is simpler than those that have appeared to date. In fact, we show that Rockafellar's result can be embedded in a more general situation in which we can quantify the degree of failure of monotonicity in terms of a quotient like the one that appears in the definition of Fréchet differentiability. Our analysis depends on the concepts of the least slope of a convex function, which is related to the steepest descent of optimization theory.The author would like to express his thanks to R. R. Phelps for reading a preliminary version of this paper and making some very valuable suggestions.     

Solid scintillation proximity membranes: I: Characterization of polysulfone-inorganic fluor morphologies precipitated from NMP solutions

Solid scintillation proximity membranes were prepared by coagulation of polysulfone polymer solutions containing cerium-activated yttrium silicate particles (CAYS) as a fluor. Membranes were formed by three different solidification processes: precipitation of the polymer-rich phase after liquid–liquid phase separation, vitrification via solvent evaporation, or rapid polymer collapse due to fast exchange between solvent in the solution and nonsolvent in the coagulation bath. The results indicate that when the coagulation process includes the liquid–liquid phase separation due to nucleation of the polymer-lean phase, the inorganic fluor particles are expressed out of the polymer-rich phase and separated from the polymer matrix. On the contrary, solidification by the vitrification of the polymer solution through solvent evaporation results in the inorganic fluors being surrounded by the polymer matrix, much like the dispersed state in the solution. In contrast, rapid collapse of the polymer also induces entrapment of the fluor in the polymer structure. However, fluor impregnation in the polymer matrix is distinguished from that in the vitrified membrane in that the impregnation is due to localized impingement of the fluor on the polymer structure rather than envelopment by polymer molecules.     

Cover and Bounded Parallel Faces

We use the cover or the closure of the cover in order to determine when two disjoint closed convex sets have parallel faces, one of them being bounded. Moreover, we show that the study of the closure of the cover gives interesting results about the cover itself.     

边值问题中与分离变量法等价的级数解法

用带奇性分离的Ｆｏｕｒｉｅｒ级数解平面边值问题，改进了不能满足全部边界条件的一般级数解法，得到收敛较好的解析算法。文中证明了级数解法与分离变量法的等价性，由此将分离变量解所得的非线性特征方程转化为多项式方程，为近似算法与渐近分析提供了依据。     

Transmission and fractionation of micro-sized particle suspensions

In processes aimed at the fractionation of a multi-component feed stream, transmission of particles through the membrane is at least as important as retention of larger particles. In this paper, we describe the mechanisms of transmission of mono-disperse latex particles through a polymer membrane. The effects of process parameters, such as transmembrane pressure, cross flow velocity and feed concentration were investigated. In dead end filtration mode, we found that, depending on the transmembrane pressure, four particle transmission regimes could be distinguished.

Particle deposition on polymer membranes and polymer microsieves was investigated in-line with confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). It was observed that with the polymer membrane random depth deposition took place, while the microsieve exhibited in-pore fouling.

In addition, bi-disperse particle suspensions were fractionated with dead end and cross flow membrane filtration, and various effects were charted. Based on the phenomena observed, it is concluded that the design of a fractionation process starts with defining a stable transmission regime for small particles, and subsequently choosing the process conditions for minimal deposition of the larger particles.     

新重丰中子同位素239Pa

用50MeV/u ¹⁸O离子同天然铀靶反应产生了新重丰中子同位素²³⁹Pa.用放射化学法从反应产物中分离Pa活性,通过观测²³⁹Pa及子体²³⁹U衰变所得到的结果显示:首次合成和鉴别了新重丰中子核素²³⁹Pa,并测定出²³⁹Pa的半衰期为106±30min.     

Phase separation and polymer crystallization in a poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene)–dioctylsebacate–dimethylphthalate system via thermally induced phase separation

The effects of the polymer concentration and quenching temperature on the phase separation, the membrane morphology and polymer crystallization behavior in a poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) (TPX)‐dioctylsebacate (DOS)‐dimethylphthalate (DMP) system via thermally induced phase separation were studied with a pseudobinary phase diagram, with the weight ratio of DOS:DMP = 1:1. SEM was used to observe the membrane morphology and structure, whereas the TPX crystallization behavior was studied with DSC and WAXD. Liquid‐liquid phase separation occurred, although quenching under the crystallization temperature. As the quenching temperature decreased, the pore size decreased, with better connected pore structure formed. The membranes quenched at 333 and 363 K showed good cellular structures, with an average pore size of about 2.3μm, whereas the pores of the membranes quenched at 393 and 423 K were not well formed, with some lamellar crystals on the inner side. The diluent assisted the mobility of the polymer chain, which improved the polymer crystallization. Dual‐melting‐peak behavior occurred for all the samples studied here. As the quenching temperature increased, the first peak of the melting trace moved to a higher temperature, whereas the second one stayed almost the same. The flexibility of the TPX main chain was restricted by the side groups, which allowed liquid‐liquid phase separation to occur first when quenched below the equilibrium crystallization temperature. This allowed primary and secondary crystallization, which was responsible for the dual‐melting‐peak behavior. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 153–161, 2007     

六方相InGaN外延膜的显微Raman散射

用X射线衍射(XRD)技术和显微Raman散射方法对金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)法生长的六方相In_xGa_1-xN薄膜样品进行了研究，观察到了相分离现象和LO声子-等离子耦合模(LPP⁺)，讨论了In_xGa_1-xN的A₁(LO)模被屏蔽的主要物理机制.同时，对Raman谱中E₂和A₁(TO)声子模进行了分析和讨论.在In_xGa_1-xN样品的低温Raman谱中还观察到单电子跃迁产生的Raman散射信号. 关键词： Raman散射 X射线衍射 相分离 应力 LO声子-等离子耦合