环加氧酶2基因的原核表达、抗体制备及其在肝癌中的表达

用PCR技术扩增环加氧酶2（COX-2）基因的C末端777bp的片段，插入到pET-28b（＋）中，构建原核表达载体．转入大肠杆菌BL21（DE3），经IPTG诱导产生包涵体形式his-COX-2融合蛋白．用镍离子螫合柱（Ni—NTA）纯化融合蛋白，获得纯度较高的原核表达蛋白．纯化后的蛋白免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体，用ELISA及Western blotting分别检测抗体．用此抗体Western blotting检测肝癌组织中的环加氧酶2的表达．ELISA及Western blotting结果显示免疫家兔所得的环加氧酶2抗体具有很高的效价，并能够特异性的识别真核细胞中的环加氧酶2．用此抗体检测肝癌组织中的环加氧酶2的表达．证实肝癌组织中伴随有环加氧酶2的大量表达．同时所得的环加氧酶2抗体具有很高的效价和特异性，为进一步研究环加氧酶2的功能提供了条件。     

气相色谱-质谱法分析膀胱癌患者尿液代谢组

建立了一种衍生化与气相色谱-质谱联用相结合的尿样代谢组分析方法.考察了样品预处理过程的提取溶剂、样品衍生化方法和气相升温梯度等分析条件,最终选择了丙酮为提取溶剂,V(MSTFA)∶ V(TMCS)=100∶ 1作为衍生化试剂.该方法线性良好(r2＞0.9916);制样精密度RSD小于15%,回收率在80.4%～117.9%之间.本法已成功应用于膀胱癌患者与正常人的尿液代谢组学分析,发现4种潜在的生物标记物.     

磺胺多金属氧酸盐对人宫颈癌Hela细胞的抑制作用

对磺胺多金属氧酸盐（C6H9N2O2S）5HP2Mo18O62·15H2O（SPOM-1）,（C6H9N2O2S）H8P2Mo15V3O62·8H2O（SPOM-2）进行了体外毒性实验和抑制宫颈癌Hela细胞作用的研究．当SPOM浓度为50—100mg·L^-1时,对人胚胎成纤维细胞均无细胞毒性作用（P〉0．05）,TC50分别为459mg·L^-1、295mg·L^-1;抑制宫颈癌He—la细胞的EC50分别为88mg·L^-1、24mg·L^-1,治疗指数即分别为5．22,12．29．     

Lipidomic study and diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma tumor with rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry

Liver cancer is generally considered the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) contributes to more than 90% of liver cancers. The altered lipid metabolism for rapid cancer cell growth and tumor formation has been frequently proven. In this study, an ambient ionization mass spectrometry technique, rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) using a monopolar electric knife, called iKnife, was systematically optimized and employed for ex vivo analysis of 12 human HCC tumor tissue specimens together with the paired paracancerous tissue (PT) and noncancerous liver tissue (NCT) specimens. Nine free fatty acids and 34 phospholipids were tentatively identified according to their extract masses and/or tandem mass spectra. With the help of statistical methods, 7 free fatty acids and 10 phospholipids were distributed differently in 3 types of liver tissue specimens (95% confidence interval). The box plots showed these characterized lipid metabolites varied in PT, HCC, and NCT. Compared with PT and NCT, the upregulations of four common fatty acids FA 18:0, FA 20:4, FA 16:0, and FA 18:1, together with phospholipids PC 36:1, PE 38:3, PE (18:0/20:4), PA (O-36:1), PC (32:1), PC 32:0, PE 34:0, and PC (16:0/18:1), were found in HCC specimens. The sensitivity and specificity of the established statistic model for real-time HCC tumor diagnosis were 100% and 90.5%, respectively. This study demonstrated that the described REIMS technique is a potential method for rapid lipidomic analysis and characterization of HCC tumor tissue.     

Imaging of Oral SCC Cells by Raman Micro-Spectroscopy Technique

We used Raman micro-spectroscopy technique to analyze the molecular changes associated with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cells in the form of frozen tissue. Previously, Raman micro-spectroscopy technique on human tissue was mainly based on spectral analysis, but we worked on imaging of molecular structure. In this study, we evaluated the distribution of four components at the cell level (about 10 μm) to describe the changes in protein and molecular structures of protein belonging to malignant tissue. We analyzed ten oral SCC samples of five patients without special pretreatments of the use of formaldehyde. We obtained cell level images of the oral SCC cells at various components (peak at 935 cm⁻¹: proline and valine, 1004 cm⁻¹: phenylalanine, 1223 cm⁻¹: nucleic acids, and 1650 cm⁻¹: amide I). These mapping images of SCC cells showed the distribution of nucleic acids in the nuclear areas; meanwhile, proline and valine, phenylalanine, and amide I were detected in the cytoplasm areas of the SCC cells. Furthermore, the peak of amide I in the cancer area shifts to the higher wavenumber side, which indicates the α-helix component may decrease in its relative amounts of protein in the β-sheet or random coil conformation. Imaging of SCC cells with Raman micro-spectroscopy technique indicated that such a new observation of cancer cells is useful for analyzing the detailed distribution of various molecular conformation within SCC cells.     

Down regulation of lactotransferrin enhanced radio-sensitivity of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

IntroductionIt is reported that LTF had a radiation resistance effect, and its expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) was significantly down-regulated. However, the mechanism of down-regulated LTF affecting the sensitivity of radiotherapy has remained elusive.MethodsWe re-analyzed the microarray data GSE36972 and GSE48503 to find differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in NPC cell line 5−8 F transfected with LTF or vector control, and the DEGs between radio-resistant and radio-sensitive NPC cell lines. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment and protein-protein interaction network (PPI) analysis of DEGs were performed to obtain the node genes. The target genes of miR-214 were also predicted to complement the mechanism associated with radiotherapy resistance because it could directly target LTF.ResultsThis study identified 1190 and 1279 DEGs, respectively. GO and KEGG analysis showed that apoptotic process and proliferation, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway were significantly enriched pathways. Four nodes (DUSP1, PPARGC1A, FOS and SMARCA1) associated with LTF were screened. And 42 target genes of miR-214 were cross-linked to radiotherapy sensitivity.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates the possible molecular mechanism that the down-regulated LTF enhances the radiosensitivity of NPC cells through interaction with DUSP1, PPARGC1A, FOS and SMARCA1, and miR-214 as its superior negative regulator may play a role in regulating the radiotherapy effect.     

Screening disrupted molecular functions and pathways associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma using Gibbs sampling

ObjectiveTo explore the disturbed molecular functions and pathways in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) using Gibbs sampling.MethodsGene expression data of ccRCC samples and adjacent non-tumor renal tissues were recruited from public available database. Then, molecular functions of expression changed genes in ccRCC were classed to Gene Ontology (GO) project, and these molecular functions were converted into Markov chains. Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm was implemented to perform posterior inference and identify probability distributions of molecular functions in Gibbs sampling. Differentially expressed molecular functions were selected under posterior value more than 0.95, and genes with the appeared times in differentially expressed molecular functions ≥5 were defined as pivotal genes. Functional analysis was employed to explore the pathways of pivotal genes and their strongly co-regulated genes.ResultsIn this work, we obtained 396 molecular functions, and 13 of them were differentially expressed. Oxidoreductase activity showed the highest posterior value. Gene composition analysis identified 79 pivotal genes, and survival analysis indicated that these pivotal genes could be used as a strong independent predictor of poor prognosis in patients with ccRCC. Pathway analysis identified one pivotal pathway − oxidative phosphorylation.ConclusionsWe identified the differentially expressed molecular functions and pivotal pathway in ccRCC using Gibbs sampling. The results could be considered as potential signatures for early detection and therapy of ccRCC.     

Polyelectrolyte Oil‐Core Nanocarriers for Localized and Sustained Delivery of Daunorubicin to Colon Carcinoma MC38 Cells: The Case of Polysaccharide Multilayer Film in Relation to PEG‐ylated Shell

The authors examine properties of daunorubicin (DNR)‐loaded oil‐core multilayer nanocapsules prepared via layer‐by‐layer approach with different polyelectrolyte (PE) coatings such as a standard one (containing polysodium 4‐styrenesulphonate/poly(diallyldimethyl‐ammonium) chloride) and a polysaccharide‐based shell (dextran/chitosan), in regard to the outer layer of poly‐l ‐glutamic acid (PGA) grafted with polyethylene glycol (PGA‐g‐PEG). The nanocarriers are obtained on a cationic nanoemulsion template (stabilized by dicephalic‐type surfactant, N ,N‐bis[3,30‐(trimethylammonio)propyl]‐dodecanamide dimethylsulfate) and layered with the PE shell of different thicknesses resulting in average size of 150 nm in diameter (as shown by dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy and cryogenic‐transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy). The nanocapsules demonstrate efficient DNR encapsulation and its sustained release under physiological conditions or in the attendance of human serum albumin. The biocompatibility studies using colon carcinoma MC38 and macrophage P388D1 cell lines as well as human erythrocytes reveal that surface charge and outer PE layer type determine nanocarrier features that control their biological activity: protein adsorption, cellular internalization and localization, induction of apoptosis, and hemolytic activity. The investigations indicate that polysaccharide‐coated nanocapsules present a considerable potential for application as efficient DNR delivery systems in chemotherapy of colon cancer as an alternative to nanocarriers with PEG‐ylated shell.