The Resting Oxidized State of Small Laccase Analyzed with Paramagnetic NMR Spectroscopy

The enzyme laccase catalyzes the reduction of dioxygen to water at the trinuclear copper center (TNC). The TNC comprises a type-3 (T3) and a type-2 (T2) copper site. The paramagnetic NMR spectrum of the small laccase from Streptomyces coelicolor (SLAC) without the substrate shows a mixture of two catalytic states, the resting oxidized (RO) state and the native intermediate (NI) state. An analysis of the resonances of the RO state is reported. In this state, hydrogen resonances only of the T3 copper ligands can be found, in the region of 12–22 ppm. Signals from all six histidine ligands are found and can be attributed to Hδ1, Hβ or backbone amide H^N nuclei. Two sequence-specific assignments are proposed on the basis of a second-coordination shell variant that also lacks the copper ion at the T1 site, SLAC−T1D/Q291E. This double mutant is found to be exclusively in the RO state, revealing a subtle balance between the RO and the NI states.     

A Novel Fiber Optic Biosensor for the Determination of Adrenaline Based on Immobilized Laccase Catalysis

Abstract

A novel fiber optic biosensor for the determination of adrenaline based on immobilized laccase catalysis and fluorescence quenching was designed and fabricated. The immobilized laccase formed by the immobilization of laccase on the CuTAPc-Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles composite were used to catalyze the oxidation of adrenaline and the fluorescent oxygen-sensing membrane was used to detect the consumption of oxygen. The effects of pH and temperature on laccase activity using adrenaline as the substrate were studied. The optimal pH and temperature for the activity of immobilized laccase are 5.0 and 55°C, respectively. The immobilized laccase has good thermal, storage and operation stability. The lock-in technology was used to detect the change of the life time of the oxygen-sensing membrane. By using ABTS as the electron mediator, the biosensor showed a response time of 30 sec. The biosensor has good performance in the adrenaline concentration ranges of 2.0 × 10^?7 to 9.0 × 10^?7 mol/l and 1.0 × 10^?8 to 9.0 × 10^?8 mol/l, and it also shows good stability.     

Syntheses of Aromatic Aldehydes by Laccase of Pleurotus ostreatus MTCC-1801

Selective bioconversion of the aromatic methyl group to its aldehyde group is one of the best applications of the laccases. In the present communication, crude laccase, obtained from the liquid culture medium of the fungal strain Pleurotus ostreatus MTCC-1801, has been used for the selective bioconversion of toluene, 3-nitrotoluene, 4-nitrotoluene, 2-fluorotoluene, 4-fluorotoluene, 2-chlorotoluene, 3-chlorotoluene, 4-chlorotoluene, and 3,4-dimethoxytoluene to benzaldehyde, 3-nitrobenzaldehyde, 4-nitrobenzaldehyde, 2-fluorobenzaldehyde, 4-fluorobenzaldehyde, 2-chlorobenzaldehyde, 3-chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, and 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde, respectively, in the presence of 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) as a mediator molecule. Time taken by these conversions was 1–2 h, and average yield of products was more than 93%.     

Laccase from Basidiomycetous Fungus–Catalyzed Synthesis of Substituted Benzopyranocoumarins via Domino Reaction

The present investigation provides a simple and convenient route to organic synthesis of substituted benzopyranocoumarin, which is important because it is a probable HIV protease inhibitor. The reaction of α,β-unsaturated derivatives of coumarins with catechol or 1,4-hydroquinones was catalyzed using laccase in an aqueous medium. Quinones, generated in situ by the oxidation of the corresponding catechol or 1,4-hydroquinones, underwent a domino reaction with chalcones to produce benzopyranocoumarins.     

Enzymatic catalysis of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol by laccases and products characterization in organic solutions

2,6-Dimethoxyphenol (DMP) as a substrate was widely used in determination of laccase activity. It is surprising, however, that its catalyzed oxidation products have not been completely determined until now. Studies were thus conducted on Rhus laccase (RL) and immobilized Rhus laccase (IRL)-catalyzed oxidation reactions of 2,6-dimethoxyphenol in water-organic solvent systems. These reactions pro- ceeded well in water-(im)miscible organic solvent systems pre-saturated with water. Only one product, 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethoxy-1,1′biphenyl-4,4′-diol (TMBP), was produced by RL catalysis, and it was thor- oughly characterized by FT-IR, NMR, GC-MS, etc. A simple enzymatic mechanism of this reaction is proposed.     

漆树漆酶的催化氧化作用──Ⅵ．漆酶的催化氧化反应机理研究

在静止条件下，用分光光度法研究了底物２，３－二氰基－５，６－二卤氢醌（ＤＤＸＱＨ２，Ｘ＝Ｃｌ，Ｂｒ．Ｉ）的漆酶催化氧化反应，考察了底物离解与反应的关系，考察了半醌自由基的形成和衰减动力学，测定了不同ｐＨ条件下的表现反应速度常数（ｋｏｂｓｄ）、米氏常数（ｋｍ）、半醌自由基的形成速度常数（ｋｆ）和半醌自由基的衰减速度常数（ｋ２ｄ），探讨了环境对半醌自由基形成与衰减的影响，鉴定了反应最终产物的结构．结果证明：１）、底物的一级离解种是底物参与反应的必要形式；２）、半醌自由基阴离子是酶反应的直接产物；３）、半醌自由基的衰减是非酶的歧化反应，４）、由酶反应和非酶反应两部分构成的反应全过程是通过半醌自由基的形成和衰减作纽带联系着的，两个反应部分既独立又偶联，表现为一种特殊的连串反应属性．在此基础上，提出了邻、对苯二酚的漆酶催化氧化反应机理．     

Polymer‐assisted biocatalysis: Unprecedented enzymatic oxidation of fullerene in aqueous medium

Enzymatic complexes, constructed by linear‐dendritic copolymers and laccase, are used for the unprecedented one‐pot biotransformation of fullerene (C₆₀) into epoxide‐ and hydroxyl‐derivatives under mild and environmentally friendly reaction conditions (45 °C and aqueous medium). The reaction is catalyzed by mediator pairs ‐ N‐hydroxy‐5‐norbornene‐2,3‐dicarboxylic acid imide/1‐Hydroxybenzotriazole or 2,2′‐Azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid)/1‐Hydroxybenzotriazole used in equimolar amounts. After 24 and 48 h, the biotransformation products ? C₆₀O_n, C₆₀(OH)_n, C₆₀(H)_n(OH)_n, and/or C₆₀O_n(H)_m(OH)_m range between 50 and 78%, respectively. Their structure is revealed by FTIR, NMR, and mass‐spectrometry. The mechanism of the process is discussed and elucidated. The reaction procedure allows the repeated usage of the enzyme/linear‐dendritic complex, which retains its catalytic activity after several cycles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Gold Nanoparticles Stabilized in β‐Cyclodextrin and Decorated with Laccase Applied in the Construction of a Biosensor for Rutin

This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles stabilized in β‐cyclodextrin (AuNP‐CD), which were applied as a platform in the immobilization of laccase (LAC). The AuNP‐CD‐LAC were used in the construction of a new biosensor for rutin determination by square‐wave voltammetry (SWV). Under optimized conditions, the calibration curve showed a linear range for rutin of 0.30 to 2.97 μmol L⁻¹, with a limit of detection of 0.17 μmol L⁻¹. The biosensor demonstrated satisfactory repeatability and electrode‐to‐electrode repeatability (with relative standard deviations of 5.6 and 6.0 %, respectively) and good stability. The biosensor was successfully applied in the determination of rutin in different pharmaceutical samples.     

Biobleaching - An ecofriendly and environmental benign pulp bleaching technique: A review

The review summarizes the use of ligninolytic enzymes in bleaching processes in paper industries. The awareness of society regarding pollution problems demands an effort to develop novel and less polluting processes for paper production. In this regard, there is an emerging interest in various applications of microbes and enzymes. Previously, appropriate enzymes were unavailable, apart from partial use in modification of starch for application in paper coatings. Continued exploration has led to the improvement in enzymes that offer remarkable profits to paper industries.