氧化程度对微细鳞片可膨胀石墨结构及膨胀性的影响

以平均粒径为19.71μm的天然微细鳞片石墨为原料,通过化学氧化法制备了具有不同氧化程度的可膨胀石墨,采用XRD、FTIR、Raman、SEM等对可膨胀石墨的结构与膨胀性进行了表征。结果表明：当氧化程度较低时制得的微细鳞片可膨胀石墨由石墨、石墨层间化合物和氧化石墨三相组成;随着氧化程度的增加,氧化石墨相含量与可膨胀石墨结构无序程度逐渐增高,石墨层间化合物相含量先增加后减少,石墨相含量则逐渐降低;氧化促使HSO₄^-或SO₄^2-插入石墨层间,插入层间的HSO₄^-或SO₄^2-量是决定可膨胀石墨膨胀容积的关键因素,制备的微细鳞片膨胀石墨的膨胀容积可达65.9mL·g^-1。     

润湿剂促进燃煤细颗粒声波团聚脱除的实验研究

在声波团聚室中研究了润湿剂液滴与细颗粒碰撞团聚脱除特性,提出了一种利用润湿剂促进细颗粒在声波场中捕集的新方法。结果表明,不同润湿剂溶液对细颗粒在声波场中的团聚脱除效果存在较大差异,采用JFC和FS-310润湿剂溶液时,细颗粒分级脱除效率与采用水时的分级脱除效率相近。而SDS和Silanol w22溶液,则可有效提高细颗粒在各粒径段的分级脱除效率。细颗粒在声波场中的脱除效率与润湿剂润湿性能具有很好的相关性,随润湿剂对细颗粒相对接触角增大而降低,在声压级为150 dB时,相对接触角由83°降低到0°,细颗粒脱除效率提高了18%,在无声场作用下,脱除效率仅提高了5%。细颗粒脱除效率随声压级的增大而提高,在低声压级条件下,添加润湿剂可有效提高细颗粒脱除效率,声压级在130 dB时,添加SDS溶液液滴后细颗粒脱除效率比声场单独作用时的脱除效率提高了25%。表明添加润湿剂可有效提高细颗粒在声波场中的团聚脱除效率,实现在低声压级条件下,获得高的细颗粒脱除效率。     

生物基化工与材料产业技术的开发与探索

本文阐述了中国石油化工集团公司(中国石化)在生物基化工与材料领域的探索路径和发展战略,介绍了中国石化近年来在生物基单体、生物基材料与可降解材料等领域开展的创新实践及取得的阶段性成果,主要包括乳酸—聚乳酸、丁二酸/二元醇—生物可降解材料、长链二元酸—生物基尼龙以及生物质芳烃—聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)等技术领域.提出了建立生物基化工与材料科学技术平台、突破关键技术、发展新兴产业等建议.     

Toward efficient catalysts for electrochemical CO2 conversion to C2 products

With impressive progress in carbon capture and renewable energy, carbon dioxide (CO₂) conversion into useful chemicals has become a potential tool against climate change. Electrochemical CO₂ conversion into C₂ products (ethylene and ethanol) is an especially economically promising approach and an active research area. Nonetheless, catalyst layer design for CO₂ conversion is challenging because of the complex CO₂-to-C₂ reaction pathways. In this review, we highlight key ideas in catalyst layer design for CO₂ conversion to C₂ in the past few years. We identify three fundamental principles to control catalyst selectivity—local CO₂ and CO concentration, local pH, and intermediate–catalyst interaction. To achieve these goals, we introduce design strategies for both catalytic materials and overall catalyst layer morphology.     

毒品与化学*

毒品与化学的种种纠葛在2018年中国毒品形势报告中得到了淋漓尽致的体现,因此为做好禁毒工作,必须厘清化学与毒品的关系。从为什么毒品是化学品(毒品的本质),毒品检验和识别,毒品成瘾的本质,由传统毒品到新型毒品的转变等4个方面系统阐述毒品与化学的关系。     

Extended X‐ray absorption fine structure and multiple‐scattering simulation of nickel dithiolene complexes Ni[S2C2(CF3)2]2n (n = −2, −1, 0) and an olefin adduct Ni[S2C2(CF3)2]2(1‐hexene)

A series of Ni dithiolene complexes Ni[S₂C₂(CF₃)]₂ⁿ (n = ?2, ?1, 0) ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) and a 1‐hexene adduct Ni[S₂C₂(CF₃)₂]₂(C₆H₁₂) ( 4 ) have been examined by Ni K‐edge X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) and extended X‐ray absorption fine‐structure (EXAFS) spectroscopies. Ni XANES for 1 – 3 reveals clear pre‐edge features and approximately +0.7 eV shift in the Ni K‐edge position for `one‐electron' oxidation. EXAFS simulation shows that the Ni—S bond distances for 1 , 2 and 3 (2.11–2.16 Å) are within the typical values for square planar complexes and decrease by ～0.022 Å for each `one‐electron' oxidation. The changes in Ni K‐edge energy positions and Ni—S distances are consistent with the `non‐innocent' character of the dithiolene ligand. The Ni—C interactions at ～3.0 Å are analyzed and the multiple‐scattering parameters are also determined, leading to a better simulation for the overall EXAFS spectra. The 1‐hexene adduct 4 presents no pre‐edge feature, and its Ni K‐edge position shifts by ?0.8 eV in comparison with its starting dithiolene complex 3 . Consistently, EXAFS also showed that the Ni—S distances in 4 elongate by ～0.046 Å in comparison with 3 . The evidence confirms that the neutral complex is `reduced' upon addition of olefin, presumably by olefin donating the π‐electron density to the LUMO of 3 as suggested by UV/visible spectroscopy in the literature.     

Comparison of criteria used to access carcinogenicity in CPANN QSAR models versus the knowledge-based expert system Toxtree

The primary goal of this study was to describe and compare the criteria used to assess carcinogenic activity. The statistically-based predictive quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models based on the counter propagation artificial neural network (CPANN) algorithm, and knowledge-based expert systems based on a decision tree structural alert (SA) approach (Toxtree application), were considered. The integration of the QSAR (CPANN models) and SAR (Toxtree SA application) approach contributed to the mechanistic understanding of the QSAR model considered. The mapping technique inherent to CPANN Kohonen enables us to relate the similarities or dissimilarities within a congeneric set of chemicals with particular SAs for carcinogenicity. The focus of our investigations was the similarities and dissimilarities of the features used in the QSAR and SAR methods. Due to the complexity of the carcinogenic endpoint, the integration of different approaches allows the models to be improved and provides a valuable technique for evaluating the safety of chemicals.