DSC and TA/MS studies on formation and decomposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxines and dibenzofuranes

The effect of oxydation of particulate carbon as a part of fly ash has been studied by mean of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and simultaneous thermal analysis/mass spectrometry (TA/MS). The results from different carbon modifications added to fly ash were discussed and compared to those of the pure samples.

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Zusammenfassung Mittels DSC und Thermoanalyse/Massenspektrometrie wurde der Effekt der Oxidation von Kohlenstoff als Teil von Flugasche untersucht. Die durch Zusatz verschiedener Kohlenstoffarten zu Flugasche erhaltenen Ergebnisse wurden diskutiert und mit denen von reinen Proben verglichen.

     

The role of MgO in the binding of SO<Subscript>2 </Subscript>by lime-containing materials

Summary The results of investigation of MgO participation in the binding of SO₂ with lime-containing materials as sorbents are presented. Experiments of SO₂ binding into solid phase using model samples of reactive grade MgO and CaO varying the mole ratio of MgO/CaO from 9:1 to 1:9 were carried out. Besides, dolomite and limestone samples with different MgO/CaO mole ratio (from 1.24 to 0.13) and samples of ashes formed at combustion of Estonian oil shale (containing 35-40% of carbonates) and its semicoke were studied Initial samples, intermediate and final products were subjected to chemical, IR-spectroscopy, X-ray and BET specific surface area analyses. The results of the present study confirmed the active participation of MgO in the binding of SO₂ into the solid phase. In addition to CaSO₄ the formation of Ca,Mg-double sulphate CaMg₃(SO₄)₄ and -MgSO₄ was observed. The presence of CaMg₃(SO₄)₄ was fixed in a large temperature range 400-900°C and that of -MgSO₄ in between 500-700°C. The optimum temperature range for formation and durability of CaMg₃(SO₄)₄ was 700-800°C.     

基于矿物质定量热分析的灰熔融反应动力学

利用矿物质定量热分析理论对三种典型煤样灰熔融过程进行了详细分析,借助化学反应动力学相关概念,计算了灰样熔融反应动力学参数,结果表明:灰样熔融过程呈明显的三阶段反应过程,即初始熔融阶段、矿物共熔阶段以及熔融末期;熔融初始阶段反应活化能均大于后面两个阶段,矿物共熔过程活化能较初始阶段明显下降;在理论上证明了灰熔融逐渐加剧的过程。     

Effect of sintering temperature on mechanical behaviour and bioactivity of sol-gel synthesized bioglass-ceramics using rice husk ash as a silica source

Bioglass-ceramics with SiO₂-Na₂O-CaO composition was prepared by sol-gel method using rice husk ash as a silica source. Material was sintered at different temperatures ranging from 900 to 1050 °C for 2 h. Phase-formation behaviour, densification characteristics, and mechanical strength of glass-ceramics were investigated. The material sintered at 1000 °C showed a good mechanical strength. Mechanical properties were correlated with microstructural features. Both in vitro bioactivity and biodegradability of sintered material were investigated by incubating in simulated body fluid and Tris buffer solution, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to investigate the surface deposition during body fluid incubation. Both bioactivity and degradability decreased with increase in sintering temperature.     

Utilization of Fly Ash Nanofluids in Two-phase Closed Thermosyphon for Enhancing Heat Transfer

This study investigates how fly ash nanofluids affect the thermal performance of a two-phase closed thermosyphon at various states of operation. The utilization of nanofluids obtained from X₂O₃-type oxides, such as Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, or CuO, on the improvement of two-phase closed thermosyphon performance was reported in a number of studies in the literature. The present study experimentally demonstrated the effect of using a nanofluid obtained from fly ash comprised of various types of metal oxides in varying ratios on improving the performance of a two-phase closed thermosyphon. The fly ash was obtained from the flue gas that was captured in the cyclones of the Yatagan thermal power plant (Turkey). Triton X-100 (Dow Chemical Company) dispersant was used in the study to produce the 0.2% (wt) fly ash/water nanofluid via direct synthesis. A straight copper tube with an inner diameter of 13 mm, outer diameter of 15 mm, and length of 1 m was used as the two-phase closed thermosyphon. The nanofluid filled 33.3% (44.2 ml) of the volume ofthe two-phase closed thermosyphon. Three heating power levels (200, 300, and 400 W) were used in the experiments with three different flow rates of cooling water (5, 7.5, and 10 g/s) used in the condenser for cooling the system. A increase of 26.39% was achieved in the efficiency of the two-phase closed thermosyphon when 4% (wt) fly ash containing nanofluid was used to replace deionized water at a heat load of 200 W and with a cooling water flow rate of 5 g/s.     

Volt-ampere characteristics of a nitrogen DC plasma arc with anode melting

The characteristics of a nitrogen arc using a graphite cathode and a melting anode in a pilot-scale plasma furnace are investigated. The voltage is examined as a function of current and apparent plasma length. The voltage increases non-linearly with the increase of apparent plasma length, with the current fixed. The experimental data so obtained are compared with the predictions of the Bowman model for the electric arc, and with numerical simulations as well. The level of agreement between the experimental data at the melting anode and the numerical predictions confirms the suitability of the proposed the Bowman model. These characteristics are relevant to the engineering design and evaluation of a DC plasma furnace and reactor for the treatment of hazardous fly ash waste.     

Modification of Potassium Chabazites Derived from Fly Ash by Dosing Extra Cations: Promoted CO2 Adsorption Capacities and Fine‐Tuned Frameworks

Potassium chabazite (K‐CHA), a typical microporous zeolite with excellent CO₂ separating properties, was synthesized with waste fly ash and modified via cation dosing treatments using cesium and zinc cations, respectively. The resulting CHAs were analyzed by XRF, XRD, FT‐IR, SEM, and N₂ physisorption, whose CO₂ adsorption properties were then tested on the reorganized TGA apparatus. It showed from XRF data that cesium and zinc cations were successfully imported in the original K‐CHA by cation dosing, but the CHA microstructures and morphologies of K‐CHA were perfectly retained as confirmed by XRD, FT‐IR, SEM and N₂ physisorption. Since there were still over 9 potassium cations per unit cell in cation dosed Cs‐CHA and Zn‐CHA, they both maintained the favored properties of K‐CHA as “molecular trapdoors”. In the following adsorption experiments, the CO₂ uptakes of Cs‐CHA and Zn‐CHA at 333 K and 1 bar, compared with K‐CHA, elevated from 1.70 mmol · g^–1 to 2.34 and 2.03 mmol · g^–1, and the import of zinc cation also presented a positive effect on the adsorption kinetics. Detailed comparisons suggested modifications with cesium and zinc cations fine‐tune the CHA complying with different mechanisms, and CHAs modified via cation perform more approvingly than fully ion‐exchanged ones, providing us important insights into CHA modifications and applications in practice.     

磷对泥/煤混燃灰熔融特性的影响及矿物相演变规律

采用灰熔点仪、X射线荧光仪(XRF)研究了无机非金属P2O5对城市污水污泥与烟煤的混烧灰熔融特性的影响,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)研究在各混烧温度下灰中含磷矿物在晶体和非晶体间的演变。结果表明,对于Al_2O_3含量较多且熔点较高的灰样,磷含量的增加可显著降低其灰熔点,P2O5含量在0-4%时影响最大,使其灰熔点降低126℃;但对碱性含量高的灰样的影响较小。低温灰中主要以磷酸铝(AlPO_4)晶体为主,温度升高后,与硬石膏(CaSO_4)等含钙矿物和赤铁矿(Fe_2O_3)反应生成晶体Ca_3(PO_4)_2和玻璃相(Fe_2O_3)_(0.252)(P_2O_5)_(0.748),磷含量增加可使灰中玻璃相(Fe_2O_3)_(0.252)(P_2O_5)_(0.748)增加,是磷降低灰熔点的主要原因。     

高碱煤含钠矿物沉积层的高温熔融及多相反应过程分析

采用纯矿物试剂模拟燃用高碱煤时炉内受热面典型的灰沉积层化学组成,利用热机械分析（TMA）、TG-DSC分析、高温煅烧实验结合XRD、SEM-EDS表征方法研究了不同Na₂SO₄含量灰沉积层的高温熔融过程及矿物间的多相反应机理。结果表明,掺混Na₂SO₄后沉积层熔化特征温度显著降低,Na₂SO₄的主要反应途径与掺混比例有关,当掺混比低于20%时,Na₂SO₄与SiO₂、CaO、Al₂O₃反应主要转变为CaSO₄和钠的硅铝酸盐;掺混比大于40%时则主要与CaSO₄生成低熔点的钠钙复合硫酸盐。富Na₂SO₄沉积层颗粒在800℃时开始黏结;900-950℃时,霞石、钠长石等钠的硅铝酸盐发生低温共熔,同时Na₂SO₄和CaSO₄生成的复合硫酸盐开始熔融,逐渐形成液相;1200-1250℃时,镁黄长石与含钙矿物发生强烈共熔,温度超过1300℃后矿物完全熔融成为自由液相。     

蛭石对高钠高钙准东煤结渣特性影响研究

采用一维沉降炉,辅以灰熔点仪的实验方法,将蛭石与高钠高钙准东煤掺混燃烧,研究其对高钠高钙准东煤结渣特性的影响。结果表明,随着蛭石掺烧量的提高,灰熔点温度呈现先降低后升高的趋势,当掺烧量为6%时灰熔点温度最低;蛭石掺烧量越高,高钠高钙准东煤结渣情况改善越明显,当掺烧量达到4%时,渣样变得疏松多孔,质地变脆,渣样与沉积探针之间的黏附性较弱,极易通过吹灰除去,建议蛭石掺烧量为4%;煤灰中原始矿物质以石英、钙铝黄长石或钙黄长石以及辉石类的低熔点矿物质为主,掺烧蛭石后,含钠的绿辉石矿物质被转化为韭闪石,含铁的斜辉石、赤铁矿等矿物质被转化为铁橄榄石,渣样中的矿物质均以高熔点的镁橄榄石为主;蛭石具有固钠的作用,取样温度越低,蛭石掺混量越高,其固钠效果越明显。