农林高校基础化学多层次课程体系和教学内容的改革与实践

以农林高校基础化学课程体系和教学内容改革为抓手,构建了农科特色鲜明的多层次课程体系,优化设计了教学内容,增强了教学的针对性,突出了学生个性的发展,为农科院校创新人才的培养奠定了重要的化学基础。     

Rare Sugars: Recent Advances and Their Potential Role in Sustainable Crop Protection

Rare sugars are monosaccharides with a limited availability in the nature and almost unknown biological functions. The use of industrial enzymatic and microbial processes greatly reduced their production costs, making research on these molecules more accessible. Since then, the number of studies on their medical/clinical applications grew and rare sugars emerged as potential candidates to replace conventional sugars in human nutrition thanks to their beneficial health effects. More recently, the potential use of rare sugars in agriculture was also highlighted. However, overviews and critical evaluations on this topic are missing. This review aims to provide the current knowledge about the effects of rare sugars on the organisms of the farming ecosystem, with an emphasis on their mode of action and practical use as an innovative tool for sustainable agriculture. Some rare sugars can impact the plant growth and immune responses by affecting metabolic homeostasis and the hormonal signaling pathways. These properties could be used for the development of new herbicides, plant growth regulators and resistance inducers. Other rare sugars also showed antinutritional properties on some phytopathogens and biocidal activity against some plant pests, highlighting their promising potential for the development of new sustainable pesticides. Their low risk for human health also makes them safe and ecofriendly alternatives to agrochemicals.     

Superabsorbent Hydrogels Based to Polyacrylamide/Cashew Tree Gum for the Controlled Release of Water and Plant Nutrients

Agricultural production is influenced by the water content in the soil and availability of fertilizers. Thus, superabsorbent hydrogels, based on polyacrylamide, natural cashew tree gum (CG) and potassium hydrogen phosphate (PHP), as fertilizer and water releaser were developed. The structure, morphology, thermal stability and chemical composition of samples of polyacrylamide and cashew tree gum hydrogels with the presence of fertilizer (HCGP) and without fertilizer (HCG) were investigated, using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA/DTG) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Swelling/reswelling tests, textural analysis, effect of pH, release of nutrients and kinetics were determined; the ecotoxicity of the hydrogels was investigated by the Artemia salina test. The results showed that PHP incorporation in the hydrogel favored the crosslinking of chains. This increased the thermal stability in HCGP but decreased the hardness and adhesion properties. The HCGP demonstrated good swelling capacity (~15,000 times) and an excellent potential for reuse after fifty-five consecutive cycles. The swelling was favored in an alkaline pH due to the ionization of hydrophilic groups. The sustained release of phosphorus in HCGP was described by the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, and Fickian diffusion is the main fertilizer release mechanism. Finally, the hydrogels do not demonstrate toxicity, and HCGP has potential for application in agriculture.     

硒·农业·人

对硒与农业及人体健康的关系进行了综述 ,重点介绍了硒添加剂在畜牧业和硒肥在种植业中的应用及其效果     

拓展农科物理实验内容的尝试

结合农科院校的特色,探讨了对农科物理实验内容进行拓展。在果品电势的温度效应实验中引入电子技术,以对拓展农科物理实验内容进行了尝试。     

农村劳动力资源可持续发展的层次分析

解决“三农”问题的关键是增加农民收入,而增收的主要办法,一是实现农业产业化增加农业收入;二是进行农村劳动力转移增加非农收入.大量的劳动力涌入大中城市对部分行业就业进行了关键的补偿,但同时对城市人口就业也造成了一定的压力,因此能否进行农村劳动力资源可持续的开发成为制约经济、社会、环境等协调发展的重要因素.文章根据可持续发展评估体系,把影响农村劳动力资源可持续发展的系统分为经济、社会、环境、支撑四个子系统,根据各子系统对其可持续开发的影响建立指标体系,用层次分析法分析得到各指标的权重,根据权重制定相应的农村劳动力资源可持续开发的策略.     

Modelling impacts of cropping systems: Demands and solutions for DEX methodology

Decision modelling of diverse groups of problems makes different requirements to the modelling methodologies and software. We present an actual decision problem and the required characteristics of corresponding decision models. The problem is from agronomy and addresses the ecological and economic impacts of cropping systems, with the focus on the differences between cropping systems with conventional crops and the ones with genetically modified crops. We describe the extensions of an existing DEX qualitative multi-attribute modelling methodology, which were made to cope with the challenges of the problem. The extensions address general hierarchical structures, probabilistic utility functions and numerical values of basic attributes. A new, freely available software tool called proDEX was implemented to support the extended methodology. In this paper we describe the problem of cropping system assessment, propose methodological extensions to DEX, and present the implementation of proDEX.     

Long-range timber supply planning for a vertically integrated paper mill

We consider a vertically integrated papermaking operation composed of an integrated pulp and paper mill with its regional supply network. Considering land procurement and harvest rotation as strategic decision variables, we construct a model to establish a long-range timber supply plan that minimizes the total discounted cost of meeting annual virgin wood fiber demand over an infinite horizon. Under appropriate assumptions on costs and storage, the land procurement and harvest rotation decisions are separable with harvest rotation being determined via a forest economics-type equation and land procurement being determined by a newsvendor-type equation.     

农林院校化学工程与技术学科研究生创新能力培养的探讨

针对当前农林院校化学工程与技术学科研究生在创新方面存在的问题,根据学科特点,以提高研究生的创新能力为目标,提出:要探索化学工程与技术学科新型研究生招生模式;完善研究生创新课程体系,建立新型培养模式;更新教师的教育观念,创造适宜的教学环境;建立严格健全的考核和评价制度;加强导师队伍建设;建立多方位、多层面的研究生奖助体系;加强国际合作与交流,从而创建化学工程与技术学科研究生创新能力培养的新体系。     

物理农业技术在现代农业基础科学与工程研究中的应用

在强调物理农业对现代农业发展重大意义的基础上,本文从物理因素对农作物繁育生长的促进作用和运用物理技术手段及采集农业环境信息两个方面叙述了物理农业技术在基础农业科学与农业工程研究领域中的应用与发展现状,并结合我国农业环境,提出了以先进的物理农业技术为切入点,重点发展物理农业的现代农业发展模式.