Online-Analysis on Acoustically Levitated Droplets

Summary: Aqueous solutions of acrylic acid were levitated in a 40 kHz acoustic levitator. The monomer amount in the levitated droplets was monitored by Raman spectroscopy relating to an internal standard. Thus evaporation of the monomer as well as polymerization reactions initiated by a redox system were investigated by Raman spectroscopy and resultant data were compared to HPLC data. Decreases in monomer amount due to evaporation can be clearly distinguished from polymerization reactions. Additionally, temperature measurement within the droplet throughout a polymerization reaction shows the typical temperature course originating from the heat of polymerization.     

Temperature and pH Dependency of Copolymerization Parameters of Acrylic Acid and 2-Hydroxypropyl Acrylate

Summary: Since copolymerization parameters of acrylic acid (AA) and 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA) in aqueous solutions are scarcely investigated a new method and different experimental setups were developed to run copolymerization experiments at different temperatures and pH values. The experiments were done with UV- or azo- initiation and analyzed by residual monomer analytics with HPLC and GPC methods. Based on the data obtained the conversion and copolymerization parameters were calculated with different mathematical models.     

玉米淀粉与丙烯酸接枝共聚合成高吸水树脂

高吸水性树指是七十年代迅速发展起来的一种新型功能高分子材料,由于它吸水速度快且能吸收自身重量数百倍乃至上千倍的水,吸水膨胀后生成的凝胶在加压条件下不易将水析出,而在周围环境缺水的条件下,又可将水缓慢释放出来,因此在农业、园林、医药卫生、沙漠治理、通信电缆等领域具有广泛的用途。近年来,随着高吸水树脂应用范围的不断拓展,其需求量迅速增加,平均年增长率高达30—40％。高吸水树脂根据合成原料的不同,主要分为合成树脂类、纤维素类和淀粉类,合成树脂类生产工艺简单,具有优良的吸水保水能力,但难于降解;纤维素类虽然可降解,但吸水率较低;淀粉类由于原料来源广泛,价格低廉,在自然界中可生物降解,对环境友好,成为吸水树脂领域的研究重点。我国在进行高吸水树脂的研究方面起步较晚,     

窄分子量分布的聚丙烯酸的合成及其阻垢性能

以水为溶剂,采用可逆加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)方法,合成了分子量2400～9000的聚丙烯酸。GPC分析表明,所合成的聚丙烯酸具有很窄的分子量分布(多分散系数PDI约为1.2)。阻垢性能测定结果表明,用RAFT方法合成的聚丙烯酸比采用普通自由基聚合得到的商品聚丙烯酸阻垢剂具有更好的阻垢性能。如当分子量约为2400的聚丙烯酸的质量浓度分别为2和10mg/L时,其阻碳酸钙垢的阻垢率分别为83.8%和97.5%,而在相同质量浓度下商品聚丙烯酸阻垢剂的阻碳酸钙垢的阻垢率则仅分别为21.3%和42.9%。阻垢作用随温度升高(50～90℃)而降低的幅度也明显小于商品聚丙烯酸阻垢剂,80℃时二者的阻垢作用差别最大,而这正是一般冷却水达到的最高温度。在所研究的分子量范围内,所合成的聚丙烯酸分子量愈小则其阻垢性能愈好。     

Chemically initiated graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) terpolymer and its constituent polymers

The graft copolymerization of acrylic acid onto acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS), has been initiated by the use of both benzoyl peroxide and azobisisobutyronitrile. Addition occurs in the butadiene region of the polymer, either by the loss of a vinylic hydrogen and subsequent radical formation and addition of monomer or by addition to the double bond. The amount of acrylic acid which may be added is dependent upon the time and temperature of the reaction and the concentration of monomer and initiator. Thermal analysis of the grafted samples show that the residue is less than that expected based upon the composition of the copolymer; similar results have been previously obtained for acrylic acid grafted by another technique. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Preparation of palladium clusters protected by silica-supported,crosslinking, partially phosphorylated poly(vinyl alcohol) and their catalytic activity

The palladium cluster protected by silica-supported, crosslinking, partially phosphorylated poly(vinyl alcohol) (P-PVA) was prepared from a crosslinking P-PVA–Pd(II) complex by reduction in alcohol. The P-PVA–Pd complex and the palladium cluster protected by P-PVA were analyzed by electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. The complex formation between the Pd(II) ion and phosphoric acid groups in P-PVA was important in the formation of a fine palladium cluster. Palladium clusters protected by silica-supported crosslinking P-PVA were used as catalysts for the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene or acrylic acid at 30°C under atmospheric pressure. The palladium cluster protected by crosslinking P-PVA supported on silica was the most active catalyst, was stable and had no by-products, compared with the palladium cluster protected by silica-supported noncrosslinking P-PVA or PVA.     

纳米尺寸聚苯乙烯-丙烯酸彩色高分子微球的合成与表征

以苯乙烯、丙烯酸、分散蓝染料为原料,采用分步聚合的方法合成了彩色具有核–壳结构的分散蓝/聚苯乙烯–丙烯酸高分子微球。通过TEM测得其颗粒尺寸约为200nm,分散均匀;通过FTIR对颗粒的组成结构进行表征,并对其合成过程进行探讨。     

ZnO and TiO2 clusters as catalyst in the addition and abstraction reaction of acrylic acid with the OH radical

The present work displays the theoretical analysis on the role of metal oxide clusters as an effective catalyst in the reaction between acrylic acid and OH radical, which has an energy barrier of 12.4 kcal/mol. The formation of metal oxide cluster such as ZnO and TiO₂ with varying size from monomer to hexamer is analyzed using cohesive energy, which increases with cluster size. Adsorption of acrylic acid on clusters reveals that dimer ZnO and tetramer TiO₂ are good adsorbed entities. The dimer ZnO and tetramer TiO₂ clusters have reduced the barrier height. However, from the thermodynamical analysis of H-abstraction and OH addition reaction, the dimer ZnO cluster is found to be a good catalyst than a tetramer TiO₂ cluster. The favorable H abstraction and OH addition reactions are feasible at the active methylene group (–CH). OH addition reactions dominate over the H abstraction reaction. Further, the presence of metal oxide clusters enhances the rate of the reaction between acrylic acid and OH radical. The kinetics of the favorable reaction with a dimer ZnO cluster has a rate constant of 7.80 × 10⁻¹¹ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹, which is higher than the literature report (1.75 × 10⁻¹¹ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹). Overall, ZnO and TiO₂ metal oxide clusters can be effectively utilized as catalyst.     

改性腐植酸-膦基丙烯酸阻垢缓蚀剂的制备及性能研究

采用溶液共混技术，制备了季铵化腐植酸(QHA)和膦基丙烯酸/马来酸酐共聚物(ZPS)的共混物(QHA／ZPS)，与QHA和ZPS对比分析表明，QHA／ZPS共混物具有更好的阻垢、缓蚀能力，有良好的灭藻作用。当QHA／ZPS质量比为2-3：1时，共混物的阻垢作用表现出明显的协同效应。其综合性能决定了QHZ/ZPS是一种很有发展前景的多功能水处理剂。     

Radiation‐grafted solid polymer electrolyte membrane: thermal and mechanical properties of sulfonated fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP)‐graft‐acrylic acid membranes

Acrylic acid was grafted onto fluorinated ethylene propylene copolymer (FEP) using a simultaneous radiation technique and the resulting membranes were subsequently sulfonated. Thermal and mechanical properties of these membranes were investigated and were found to be strongly influenced by the degree of grafting. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of these membranes showed that these membranes undergo multistep degradation unlike virgin FEP which degrades in a single step. Glass transition temperature and degree of crystallinity were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Glass transition temperature increased while crystallinity decreased with increase in degree of grafting. Tensile strength and elongation at break were found to decrease on grafting and further on sulfonation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.