马铃薯多品质参数可见/近红外光谱无损快速检测

马铃薯是与小麦、稻米、玉米协调发展的第四大主粮作物,现阶段我国正积极推进马铃薯主食开发,但马铃薯品质的参差不齐严重制约了马铃薯产业主食化进程,马铃薯品质快速无损检测对其加工产业化进程有着重要意义。国内外学者基于可见/近红外光谱对马铃薯内部品质检测进行了不少相关研究,但迄今为止大部分研究都基于可见/近红外漫反射原理,马铃薯粗糙的表皮对样品漫反射光谱影响较大。近红外透射光谱能较好的反映样品的品质信息,但马铃薯样品全透射光谱因样品大小不同,导致光谱受光程差异的影响较大。考虑到马铃薯样品整体质地较为均匀,根据马铃薯的形状特性搭建了马铃薯局部透射光谱采集系统,局部透射检测方式既能避免马铃薯表皮的影响,又能在保证光程统一的情况下获得样品内部的信息。该光谱采集系统由光谱采集单元(光谱仪、耦合透镜)与光源单元(卤素灯、灯杯)构成。进行光谱采集时,将二者贴紧马铃薯表面以确保光谱采集单元不会接收到来自马铃薯表面的反射光。用该系统采集了120个马铃薯650~1 100 nm范围的局部透射光谱,分别进行去趋势(detrend)、多元散射校正(muliplication scattering correction, MSC)、标准正态变量变换(standard normal variable transformation, SNV)和一阶导数(first Derivative, FD)预处理,并建立了马铃薯干物质、淀粉、还原糖含量的偏最小二乘预测模型(partial least squares regression,PLSR)。结果显示,采用多元散射校正预处理的干物质和淀粉含量预测模型效果较好,其验证集决定系数分别为0.854 0和0.851 0,验证集均方根误差分别为0.521 9%和0.484 8%;采用一阶导数预处理的还原糖预测模型效果最好,其验证集决定系数为0.768 6,均方根误差为0.025 1%。为进一步优化模型采用竞争性自适应重加权采样(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling, CARS)等三种方法进行特征波长的筛选,并建立了偏最小二乘预测模型。结果显示,马铃薯各品质参数的预测效果均得到了较大提升,CARS筛选波长后的干物质、淀粉、还原糖预测模型的验证集决定系数分别为0.877 6, 0.865 3和0.887 7,验证集均方根误差分别为0.449 2%, 0.930 2%和0.016 7%。采用CARS特征波长提取能够简化模型,去除无关变量和共线性变量,从而提高模型的精度和稳定性,尤其是对低含量组分还原糖的预测模型效果显著。最后,为验证马铃薯各品质参数预测模型的精度及稳定性,选取30个不同批次马铃薯样品对所建预测模型进行了外部验证。马铃薯干物质、淀粉、还原糖含量的模型预测值与标准理化值决定系数分别为0.849 9, 0.867 1, 0.877 6,均方根误差分别为0.660 9, 0.480 9, 0.016 9,平均相对误差分别为2.03%, 1.77%, 7.58%。研究表明,局部透射光谱携带了马铃薯的内部信息,与干物质、淀粉、还原糖含量有显著相关性。该可见/近红外局部透射检测系统可以实现马铃薯多品质参数的快速无损预测,特别是干物质含量及淀粉含量的预测效果较好,但是对个别还原糖含量非常低的样品出现预测相对误差较大现象,下一步研究中需要进一步优化完善。     

2-(p -toluidino)-6-naphthalene sulfonate as a fluorescent probe for flocculation studies of cationic potato amylopectin and nanosized silica particles. 2. Flocculation by binding of nanosized silica particles

2-(p-toluidino)-6-naphthalene sulfonate (TNS) is a probe that fluoresces strongly when bound to certain proteins and polymers, but weakly in aqueous solutions. The reversible association of TNS is used to monitor the binding of anionic nanosized silica particles (NSP) to cationic potato amylopectin starch (CApS) through the decreasing fluorescence emission as TNS is competitively released by the particle binding. Steady-state fluorescence measurements at different mixing ratios of CApS and NSP provide data on the equilibrium binding. The isotherm derived is used to establish the fact that the most efficient flocculation between CApS and NSP occurs when the polymer coils are nearly saturated by NSP, but still have positively charged parts left. This supports a patch-flocculation mechanism. Stopped-flow experiments show that NSP binding to CApS occurs within a few milli seconds. This observation allows turbidity changes which occur on longer timescales to be ascribed to particle-decorated polymers undergoing changes in the conformation or aggregation. Received: 14 August 1998 Accepted in revised form: 4 December 1998     

淀粉-醋酸乙酯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯接枝共聚物的合成及生物降解研究

用硝酸铈铵为引发剂,合成了淀粉 醋酸乙烯酯 甲基丙烯酸甲酯接枝共聚物,用质子核磁共振谱研究了接枝支链的化学组成,用Ｘ 射线粉末衍射研究了接枝共聚物的结晶结构变化,分别用实验室酶分解法和室外土壤掩埋法测定了接枝共聚物的生物降解性能,结果说明,仅接枝共聚物中的淀粉部分能被微生物降解,接枝支链部分不能被降解．     

高速搅拌对淀粉/聚乙烯醇共混物溶液成膜性能的影响

淀粉与聚乙烯醇（ＰＶＡ）溶液在高速搅拌下共混,可大大改善淀粉／ＰＶＡ共混薄膜的力学性能、透明性与耐水性,对其生物降解性有明显的影响．淀粉／ＰＶＡ共混体系在高速搅拌前后的光谱分析、显微观察、分子量及流变性能的测定表明,这些变化起因于高速搅拌增加了淀粉中直链淀粉的含量,同时提高了淀粉与ＰＶＡ共混溶液的稳定性,改善了淀粉／ＰＶＡ共混物薄膜的使用性能．