Bicyclo[3.2.1]octenones As Building Blocks in Natural Products Synthesis (III). Total Synthesis of (±)-10-Deoxygeniposide Aglucone

The title compound was synthesized from bicyclo[3.2.1]octenone 1 in six steps and in overall yield 59%. Photochemical rearrangement of β,γ-unsaturated enone 1 is the key step.     

Synthetische Umwandlung des Abietinsäuregerüstes. Abbau der Carboxylfunktion

Summary Aluminiumoxide-induced rearrangement of the tosylate7 (derived from abietic acid methyl ester byLAH reduction and Tosylation), leads under migration of CH₃-4 to a mixture of exocyclic and endocyclic olefines8 – 11. Photochemical isomerisation of these olefines yields the endocyclic isomer10 as single product.

     

Heterocyclo-Substituted Sulfa Drugs: Part XII. Mercapto-S-Azo-Benzothiazol Dyes and Their Metal Complexes

New azo sulfadrugs of 2-mercapto-S-azo ( p '-heterocyclo-substituted benzene-sulfonyl) benzothiazole derivatives (L 1 and L 2 ) were synthesized by coupling of p '-heterocyclo-substituted-benzene-sulphonyl diazonium salts with 2-mercapto-benzothiazole in acid medium. The corresponding iron(III), cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), and mercury(II) chelates were prepared in a 1:1 metal to ligand molar ratio. The ligands and their chelates were characterized on the basis of microanalysis, UV, IR, and H 1 -NMR spectrometry. Thermal decomposition of the complexes was studied in static air. On the basis of the thermogravimetric curves some decomposition steps could be correlated with the proper decomposition products. The photochemical behavior of the ligands and their complexes were investigated. The photosensitivity shown by the complexes was attributed to the photoreactivity of their free ligands. The ligands and their chelates were screened in vitro for their antimicrobial activities (antibacterial and antifungal). The complexes induce a remarkable increase in the antimicrobial activity compared to the corresponding ligands.     

Crystal structure and synthesis of benzimidazole substituted acrylonitriles and benzimidazo[1, 2-a]quinolines

The benzimidazole compounds and benzoannulated cyclic benzimidazole analogues, such as benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinolines, are a part of our wider investigation on biologically active compounds, potential antitumor drugs. Here, we present the synthesis of two compounds, [2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-acrylonitrile, 5] and [2-bromo-benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinoline-6-carbonitrile, 7] and their crystal structures revealed by X-ray single crystal diffractometry. We also report the molecular and crystal structures of two additional compounds [2-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-3-(4-cyanophenyl)-acrylonitrile, 4] and [benzimidazo[1,2-a]quinoline-2,6-dicarbonitrile, 6], whose synthesis and spectroscopic characterization have been published earlier by us too (Hranjec and Karminski-Zamola, Molecules 12:1817, 2007). The compounds 4 and 5 crystallize as monohydrates. The dihedral angles calculated between phenyl and benzimidazole ring reflect not significant deviation from molecular planarity in the crystalline state for 4 and 5, while benzoannulated cyclic benzimidazole derivatives 6 and 7 are essentially planar. The crystal structures of 4 and 5 are characterized by O–H···N and N–H···O hydrogen bonds between water molecule of crystallization and imidazole NH group as well as CN group, while in 6 and 7 only weak C–H···N intermolecular hydrogen bonds exist. Although, crystal packings are analogous in 4 and 5, the molecular conformations differ slightly. In 6 there is one C–H···N hydrogen bond that do not exist in 7.     

基于磺胺掺杂氮硫的碳点制备及对Hg2+的光化学识别

为提高碳点对汞离子光化学识别的选择性及检测方法的可行性,以柠檬酸和磺胺为原材料采用热解法制备一种新型氮、硫共掺杂碳点（NS-CDs）。用红外光谱仪、紫外-可见光吸收光谱仪、透射电镜、元素分析仪和荧光光谱仪等对其结构和光学性能进行表征。结果表明：该量子点水溶性和分散性高,平均粒径4.78 nm左右,具有类石墨结构;其在3 446和3 261 cm-1处存在N-C和O-H键振动吸收峰;2 966和2 923 cm-1处为C-H键振动吸收带;1 630和1 570 cm-1处吸收峰归属于苯环骨架C═C双键振动;1 388 cm-1处为-CH₃剪式振动峰;1 268,1 192,1 146及1 071 cm-1处的振动吸收峰表明存在为C-N,C-S,C-O,C-O-C及-SO-₃键,912 cm-1处为环氧基的特征吸收峰,739 cm-1处吸收带归属于N-H键变形振动,可见,该碳点不仅含有苯环骨架结构,还有N和S等元素参与的成键结构存在。其在21.4°处出现一个明显且宽的(002)晶面衍射特征峰,晶格间距为0.41 nm,稍大于石墨晶格间距（0.34 nm）。NS-CDs的C,N,S和O元素含量分别为68.72%,7.37%,6.24%及17.67%,与红外分析结果吻合。NS-CDs在309 nm处有一个由C═C键的π→π*电子跃迁产生的较强吸收峰,且在可见光区域内有一个很长的拖尾;同时在335 nm处出现了一个由C═O键的n→π*电子跃迁而产生的吸收肩峰。当激发波长小于390 nm时,NS-CDs原液荧光发射峰值随激发波长增大而逐渐增大,且在390 nm时,荧光强度最强;大于390 nm时,随激发波长增大而逐渐减弱。同时发现随激发波长增加,发射峰逐渐红移。当NS-CDs溶液逐渐稀释时,其最佳激发峰也由390 nm蓝移至360 nm;当pH值＜11.0时,NS-CDs的荧光强度变化很小,在pH值为7.0时荧光峰最强;在pH＞12.0时,荧光强度急剧下降,故选用PBS缓冲溶液（pH 7）进行金属离子检测实验。在16种金属离子中只有Hg2+对NS-CDs荧光强度具有极其显著的影响,使碳点荧光完全猝灭,基于NS-CDs对Hg2+具有高选择性及Hg2+对NS-CDs强荧光猝灭作用,建立了其对Hg2+的荧光化学识别方法。该识别方法的线性方程为y=5.559 02x-13.860 39,其线性范围为1×10-3~1×10-9 mol·L-1,R2为0.9947,检出限为7.11×10-3 nmol·L-1,相对标准偏差小于2.5%,对实际样品检测精度和回收率高,可用于实际水样中Hg2+的检测,在生物和环境分析领域具有良好的应用前景。     

Determination of Cinchona alkaloids and Vitamin B6 by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection

A simple and specific method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of the four major Cinchona alkaloids and their dihydroderivatives and pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B₆) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection (λ_em=420 nm with λ_ex=330 nm). The chromatographic separation was performed on a Phenomenex Prodigy ODS column (5 μm,  mm i.d.), recommended for basic compounds, under isocratic reversed-phase conditions. The method allowed a good peak shape and an effective resolution of the tested compounds. The extraction of alkaloids from the Cinchona succirubra bark was carried out in mild and fast conditions (ambient temperature, 20 min) by ultrasonication. The procedure showed to be advantageous respect to a reference method, which involved Soxhlet extraction. The results were compared statistically by means of the Student’s t-test and the variance ratio F-test; no significant difference was found. The method was reproducible (relative standard deviations in the range of 1.0-5.0% for the different alkaloids) and gave quantitative recovery of alkaloids added to bark samples (97.8-105%). For additional informations a photoreactor was arranged between the analytical column and the detector and the online post-column photochemical conversion (irradiation=254 nm) was investigated. Vitamin B₆ was shown to be highly photosensitive, giving significantly different fluorescence spectra with and without UV irradiation. The proposed method was successfully applied to the quality control of Cinchona bark, liquid extract and cosmetics.     

Determination of ATP via the photochemical generation of hydrogen peroxide using flow injection luminol chemiluminescence detection

The determination of ATP using the coupling between a photochemical reaction and a chemiluminescence reaction in a flow injection (FI) system is described. The method is based on the reaction of glucose with ATP catalyzed by hexokinase and Mg²⁺ ions. The glucose that is not consumed by ATP is subsequently photooxidized using 9,10-anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate as a sensitizer. The hydrogen peroxide produced in the photochemical reaction is monitored through the chemiluminescence reaction with luminol catalyzed by hematine. There is a linear relationship between the decrease in the chemiluminescence response and the ATP concentration at a constant concentration of glucose. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graph is linear in the range 0.20–50.5 mg L^–1 with a throughput of 25 samples per hour and relative standard deviations between ±0.62 and ±1.42%. The limit of detection is 0.07 mg L^–1. The method was used for the determination of ATP in pharmaceuticals, milk, and soils.     

Photochemical derivatization and fluorimetric determination of reserpine in a flow-injection assembly

The fluorimetric flow-injection determination of reserpine was achieved with the drug being derivatized on-line by photoreaction. PTFE tubing was helically coiled around a germicide lamp located between the injection valve and detector. Two analytical procedures are proposed using either dilute acetic acid or pure methanol as the carrier stream. The influence of foreign compounds was studied and the method was applied to the determination of reserpine in pharmaceutical formulations.     

Photoelectric effects on chlorophyll fluorescence of photosystem II in vivo. Kinetics in the absence and presence of valinomycin

Fluorescence induction curves (F(t)) in low intensity 1s light pulses have been measured in leaf discs in the presence and absence of valinomycin (VMC). Addition of VMC causes: (i) no effect on the initial fluorescence level Fo and the initial (O-J) phase of F(t) in the 0.01-1 ms time range. (ii) An approximately 10% decrease in the maximal fluorescence Fm in the light reached at the P level in the O-J-I-P induction curve. (iii) Nearly twofold increase in the rate and extent of the F(t) rise in the J-I phase in the 1-50 ms time range. (iv) A 60-70% decrease in the rise (I-P phase) in the 50-1000 ms time range with no appreciable effect, if at all, on the rate. System analysis of F(t) in terms of rate constants of electron transfer at donor and acceptor sides have been done using the Three State Trapping Model (TSTM). This reveals that VMC causes: (i) no, or very little effect on rate constants of e-transfer reactions powered by PSII. (ii) A manifold lower rate constant of radical pair recombination (k(-1)) in the light as compared to that in the control. The low rate constant of radical pair recombination in the reaction center (RC) in the presence of VMC is reflected by a substantial increase in the nonzero trapping efficiency in RCs in which the primary quinone acceptor (Q(A)) is reduced (semi-open centers). This causes an increase in their rate of closure and in the overall trapping efficiency. Data suggest evidence that membrane chaotropic agents like VMC abolish the stimulation of the rate constant of radical pair recombination by light. This light stimulation that becomes apparent as an increase in Fo has been documented before [Biophys. J. 79 (2000) 26]. It has been ascribed to effects of (changes in) local electric fields in the vicinity of the RC. The decrease of the I-P phase is attributed to a decrease in the photoelectric trans-thylakoid potential in the presence of VMC. Such effects have been hypothesized and illustrated.     

Photochemical isomerization in the absence of a potential barrier

Different time resolved spectroscopic techniques have been used to investigate the photophysics of the isomerization reaction of 1,1′-diethyl-4,4′-cyanin. The molecule is characterized by a very short excited state lifetime, linear viscosity dependence over a wide viscosity range and no or negative temperature dependence of the reaction rate. The wavelength dependence of the ground state recovery experiment reported earlier (?kessonet al 1986,Chem. Phys. Lett. 126 385) has been shown to be the result of dependence mainly on the analyzing light. We believe that this molecule can be a representative of the barrierless reaction type (E₀ < 0) and that the probe wavelength dependence in the GSR experiment is due to the fact that different spectroscopic techniques may probe different physical events in the case of barrierless reactions, and suggest that it is a result of stimulated emission in combination with the resolution of the movement of the population on the excited state surface.