A novel nanocomposite material prepared by intercalating photoresponsive dendrimers into a layered double hydroxide

A novel combination for an inorganic-organic nanocomposite material was demonstrated. Anthryl dendron, i.e., poly(amidoamine) dendron with an anthracene chromophore group at the focal point, was incorporated in the interlayer space of ZnAl-NO₃ type layered double hydroxide (LDH) through an anion-exchange reaction. The photoabsorption and fluorescence properties of the resulting material were different from those of the bare anthryl dendron molecule. It was suggested that the change in photochemical properties was due to the organization and π-π interaction of anthracene chromophores within the interlayer of the LDH.     

UV photochemical vapor generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometric determination of conventional hydride generation elements

A systematic investigation of UV photochemical vapor generation (photo-CVG) and its potential application for seven typical hydride-forming elements (As, Sb, Bi, Te, Sn, Pb and Cd) when combined with atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) detection is presented. These analyte ions were converted to volatile species following UV irradiation of their aqueous solution to which low molecular weight organic acids (such as formic, acetic or propionic acid) had been added, and introduced to an atomic fluorescence spectrometer for subsequent analytical measurements. The experimental conditions for photo-CVG and the interferences arising from concomitant elements were carefully investigated. Limits of detection as low as 0.08, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 ng mL^− 1 were obtained for Te, Bi, Sb and As, respectively, comparable to those by hydride generation-AFS. The RSDs obtained with the proposed method for these elements were better than 5% at 50 ng mL^− 1. It is noteworthy that the presence of TiO₂ nanoparticles combined with UV irradiation remarkably enhances the CVG efficiencies of Se(VI) and Te(VI), which cannot form hydrides with KBH₄/NaBH₄. Moreover, photo-CVG has a greater tolerance toward interferences arising from transition elements than hydride generation, and this facilitates its application to the analysis of complicated sample matrices.     

Efficient syntheses of 3H-azuleno[8,1-cd]pyridazines and their thermal and photochemical reactions

Azulenopyridazines 6 were efficiently synthesized from ethyl 4-hydrazinylazulene-1-carboxylate (2) by p-toluenesulfonic acid-catalyzed imine formation and intramolecular cyclization followed by dehydrogenation using KOH/MeOH in one-pot operation. Thermal and photochemical reactions of azulenopyridazines 6 afforded 1-vinylazulenes 7 in good yields.     

Topochemical polymerization of diphenyldiacetylene-based materials and the relevant application in photocatalysis

Diphenyldiacetylene can be preorganized by self-assembly or external-templating, followed by topochemical polymerization under UV irradiation to form polydiphenyldiacetylene. Such a resulting polymer is a promising photocatalyst for organic pollutant degradation under visible light.     

光化学法制备基于(001)面暴露的锐钛矿和商用P25二氧化钛的 单原子分散钯催化剂

单原子分散催化剂由于其独特的结构和性质,在催化研究中已展现出巨大的潜力,成为了催化研究的前沿领域.传统的催化剂制备方法(例如共沉积,浸渍法等)在单原子分散催化剂的制备中卓有成效,但不断涌现的新方法能够制备出传统方法不能制备的新型单原子分散催化剂.最近,光化学方法由于其步骤简单和制备条件温和的优点而引起了广泛关注.在之前的研究中我们揭示了光化学法制备单原子分散催化剂的分子机制.我们发现,紫外光照的作用在于将二氧化钛纳米片表面的乙二醇基激发生成乙二醇自由基,后者不仅有利于氯钯酸根中氯离子的脱除,还可通过Pd–O键将钯原子锚定在载体上,形成了独特的"钯-乙二醇-二氧化钛"的界面.根据对光化学法制备技术的理解,本文将光化学法拓展到其他二氧化钛体系,成功制备了基于(001)面暴露的锐钛矿纳米晶和商用二氧化钛P25的单原子分散钯催化剂.通过吸附和紫外光照,可以在室温下简单地制备单原子分散钯催化剂.扩展X射线吸收精细结构实验表明,紫外光照的作用是促进钯原子上氯离子的离去和更多Pd–O键的形成.与通过其它方法制备的催化剂相比,光化学法制备的两种Pd1/TiO2催化剂在苯乙烯的催化氢化反应中表现出更高的活性和稳定性.转化频率TOF为商用Pd/C催化剂的6倍.单原子分散催化剂为研究催化反应中复杂的界面效应提供了理想的模型体系.由于CO的催化氧化反应性能对金属活性中心的化学配位环境高度敏感,因此我们选择它作为模型反应以研究光化学法制备的单原子分散催化剂之间的差异.结果发现,两种载体制备的单原子分散钯催化剂都具有很好的催化CO氧化低温活性,373 K时CO转化率均可高达96％.其中,负载在(001)面暴露的锐钛矿纳米晶的催化剂在343 K时TOF高达6.7×10–3 s–1,比有文献报道的活性最高的Pd/La-修饰Al2O3催化剂在相同条件下高3.3倍,是目前Pd基催化剂在催化CO氧化反应中的活性最佳记录.这可能是由于二氧化钛的载体效应引起的.虽然两种催化剂的催化活性相当,但Pd/P25的表观活化能比Pd/TiO2(NC)高一倍左右.两种催化剂的金属都以单原子态分布,催化CO氧化反应的机制却可能完全不同.这说明单原子分散催化剂的性能与载体的表面性质密切相关.本文为单原子催化中载体的选择和原子尺度的界面调控提供了新的研究思路.     

掩膜诱导的光敏性三组分聚合物混合体系的自组装

采用含时金兹堡-朗道理论(time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau theory)研究了二维体系中光敏性三组分聚合物混合体系在掩膜诱导下的相行为.详细探讨了光化学反应速率、聚合物组分比和掩膜长宽比对相分离行为的影响.获得了不同条件下体系形貌结构的相图,通过对这些相图的分析得到了岛状、网络状、层状等有序结构形成的条件.研究表明,固定掩膜的长宽比(L:d=6:4),当C组分的浓度?C0.35和光化学反应速率Γ1×10~(-5)时,体系形成岛状结构;当?C0.4和Γ1×10~(-5)时,体系主要形成层状和网状结构.固定光化学反应速率(Γ=1×10~(-3)),当6:5≤L:d≤6:1和?C0.35时,体系形成岛状结构;当6:6≤L:d≤6:1和?C0.4时,体系主要形成层状和网状结构.固定C组分的浓度(?C=0.45),当Γ≥5×10~(-4)和6:6≤L:d≤6:1时,体系主要形成层状和网状结构.稳定性分析表明这些有序结构在去掉掩膜之后仍能稳定存在.     

W18O49 nanorods decorated with Ag/AgCl nanoparticles as highly-sensitive gas-sensing material and visible-light-driven photocatalyst

A novel gas-sensing material and photocatalyst was successfully obtained by decorating Ag/AgCl nanoparticles on the W₁₈O₄₉ nanorods through a clean photochemical route. The as-prepared samples were characterized using combined techniques of X-ray diffractometry, electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Gas-sensing measurements indicate that the Ag/AgCl/W₁₈O₄₉ NRs sensors exhibit superior reducing gas-sensing properties to those of bare W₁₈O₄₉ NRs, and they are highly selective and sensitive to NH₃, acetone, and H₂S with short response and recovery times. The Ag/AgCl/W₁₈O₄₉ NRs photocatlysts also possess higher photocatalytic performance than bare W₁₈O₄₉ NRs for degradation of methyl orange under simulated sunlight irradiation. Possible mechanisms concerning the enhancement of gas-sensing and photocatalytic activities of the Ag/AgCl/W₁₈O₄₉ NRs composite were proposed.     

Chlorophyll triggered one-pot synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones via photo induced electron transfer reaction

The photocatalytic potential of chlorophyll has been investigated for the facile synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones utilizing concentrated solar irradiation towards sustainable energy solutions. This, one-pot, multicomponent Biginelli reaction, which involves a photoinduced electron transfer (PET) mechanism, affords a green and efficient approach for the transformation of the commercial aldehydes, β-keto ester and urea into valuable 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones with wide substrate scope and diversity. These improved reaction conditions allow the formation of a variety of substituted dihydropyrimidinones with high yields and purity in a short duration of time and mild reaction conditions.     

Mechanistic Aspects of the Effects of Stress on the Rates of Photochemical Degradation Reactions in Polymers

Abstract

This review examines the mechanistic origins of the effects of stress on the photochemical degradation rates of polymers. Recent studies have shown that tensile and shear stresses accelerate the rate of the photochemical degradation of polymers. Conversely, compressive stress generally retards the rate of photochemical degradation. After an initial discussion of the photochemical auto‐oxidation mechanism, the three primary hypotheses that purport to explain how stress affects photochemical degradation are examined. The first hypothesis is attributed to Plotnikov, who proposed that stress changes the quantum yields of the reactions that lead to bond photolysis. The second hypothesis, attributed to a number of researchers, says that stress affects the ability of the geminate radical pairs, formed in the photochemical bond cleavage reactions, to recombine. The third hypothesis proposes that stress changes the rates of radical reactions subsequent to radical formation. A further attempt to account for the effects of stress on degradation rates is a modification of the so‐called Zhurkov equation that has been used rather successfully to predict the effects of stress on degradation rates in thermal reactions. This empirical equation relates the quantum yield of degradation to a composite activation barrier for the overall photochemical reaction. Following the discussion of these hypotheses, experimental mechanistic studies of stress effects are summarized, and what little data there is is shown to be consistent with the hypothesis that proposes that stress primarily affects the ability of photochemically generated radical pairs to recombine. By decreasing the efficiency of radical–radical recombination, the effect is to increase the relative efficiencies of the radicals' other reactions and hence the rate of degradation. In addition to stress, other factors can affect the rates of polymer photodegradation. These factors include the absorbed light intensity, the polymer morphology, the rate of oxygen diffusion in the polymer, and the chromophore concentration. Each of these parameters must be carefully controlled in mechanistic studies that probe the effects of stress on degradation rates.     

Steady-state fluorescence and photo-isomerization study of 1-methyl-4′-(p-N,N dimethyl-amino styryl) pyridinium iodide

Photochemical and thermal trans/cis isomerization reactions are reported for 1-methyl-4′-(p-N,N dimethyl-amino styryl) pyridinium iodide, Cy, which is synthesized in the trans configuration. In a basic solution the trans form, Cy_tr, cannot isomerise directly to the cis form. Its protonated form, Cy_trH⁺, is active and reacts photochemically from trans to cis isomer, Cy_cH⁺. The quantum yields Φ_tc and Φ_ct are determined in water. Deprotonation process of Cy_cH⁺ yields the cis isomer, Cy_c, which can thermally revert to the stable trans form. The rate constant and the activated parameters of the thermal reaction are also determined. Due to irreversibility of the thermal reaction , a complete molecular reaction cycle is performed in one direction. To get more information on the spectral properties of protonated form, its absorption and fluorescence spectra were investigated in sixteen neat polar protic and aprotic solvents. Absorption energy correlates linearly with hydrogen bond acceptor ability of the solvent. Another linear correlation was found between fluorescence energy of CyH⁺ and free energy for transferring the proton to the surrounding solvent, ΔG_t^o.