Influence of polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) loading on the properties of Nafion composite membranes

Composite membranes based on Nafion (N115) loaded with furfuryl alcohol (FA) were prepared by in situ acid-catalyzed polymerization technique, with the aim to improve the ionic conductivity of Nafion membranes. The functionalization, thermal stability, electrical properties and mechanical strength of N115-PFA composites was analyzed by means of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy, small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), electrical impedance spectroscopy, dynamic vapor sorption (DVS) and dynamic mechanical analyser (DMA). The FA loading in the resultant composites had a positive correlation with the water uptake (W_u), water vapor uptake (W_vu), ionic conductivity and thermo-mechanical stability. At low polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) loading, these membranes displayed higher W_u and improved ionic and electrical properties. Further, the thermo-mechanical stability also gradually increased with the PFA loading. All the composites showed a well-defined glass transition temperature in DMA, which shifted to higher temperature with repeated PFA loading. Overall, the results indicate that the developed composite membrane are promising for low temperature polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells.     

Nafion含量对直接甲醇燃料电池阴极催化剂性能表达的影响

燃料电池是一种将燃料反应的化学能转化为电能的装置,可分为氢氧质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFCs)、直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFCs)和直接甲酸燃料电池等.与 PEMFCs相比, DMFCs以甲醇为燃料,燃料的储存运输和电池操作运行具有较高的安全性,所以近年来受到人们的广泛关注.
　　膜电极组件(MEA)是 DMFCs的核心部分,由气体扩散层(GDL)、催化层(CL)和质子交换膜(PEM)三部分组成. GDL用于提高电池传质能力,并同时作为 MEA的集流体. PEM主要用于隔离燃料和氧气,进行质子传导. CL是 MEA中的主要组成部分,为电化学反应提供场所.
　　催化层由催化剂,质子传输介质和电子传输介质组成.通常,阳极催化剂采用 PtRu/C,阴极采用 Pt/C,质子传输介质为全氟磺酸树脂,如 Nafion. CL的结构对电池性能有直接的影响,因此人们对 CL的结构进行了详细的研究,并通过调节 CL亲水性能、梯度催化层的结构设计等优化其结构.研究表明,当 CL中 Nafion含量为33 wt.%, PEMFCs具有最佳的电池性能. DMFCs与 PEMFCs对 MEA要求不同,其阴极更容易发生水淹现象.本文结合非接触式三维光学轮廓仪、接触角测试系统和电化学测试对阴极不同 Nafion含量的膜电极进行了表面形貌、亲水性、循环伏安和 DMFC性能测试.
　　本文利用喷涂法制备了 GDE,然后与 Nafion115热压形成 MEA.由三维表面形貌图可以看出,随着催化层中 Nafion含量的增加, GDE表面的粗糙度变大,尤其是 N35和 N45.理论上,表面粗糙有利于 Pt的暴露和传质扩散,但是其电池性能并未与粗糙度呈现出正相关的关系,因为 Nafion含量高于35 wt.%, Pt被 Nafion过度包裹,抑制了 O2至催化剂表面的传输,且随着 Nafion含量由15 wt.%增加至45 wt.%,其 GDE表面的接触角由166.8o减至143.1o,说明 CL的亲水性增强,易导致阴极产生的水无法及时排出,从而造成阴极水淹现象.
　　从不同 Nafion含量制备 MEA的 CV图可以看出,随着 Nafion含量的增加, Pt的电化学活性面积(ESA)增加.当 Nafion含量较少时, Nafion无法对全部 Pt纳米粒子(NPs)形成包覆或无法形成连贯的质子传输通道,从而导致大部分的 Pt NPs催化活性较低变为无效 Pt.而有效 Pt NPs要求与连贯的质子传输通道相连接.当 Nafion含量高于35 wt.%时,其 ESA基本保持不变,因为 Pt载量一定,从而限制了 ESA,此时达到该载量条件下的极限 ESA.但是电池极化曲线表明,30 wt.% Nafion含量的 MEA具有最佳的电池性能.因为有效 Pt NPs不一定是高效的,当他们全部被 Nafion包裹后, O2只能依靠溶解在 Nafion中才可以到达催化剂表面,从而阻碍传质.只有 Pt NPs表面包裹和暴露面积达到一定比例时才变得高效.所以当 Nafion含量低于30 wt.%时,主要由质子传输通道导致的有效 Pt NPs较少;当 Nafion含量高于30 wt.%时,出现 Nafion过度包裹 Pt NPs,阻碍 O2传质.因此, Nafion含量30 wt.%时, Pt的包裹面积和裸露面积达到所研究的最佳状态.     

Trace determination of clenbuterol with an MWCNT-Nafion nanocomposite modified electrode

A method for the determination of trace clenbuterol is described. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-Nafion composite was used to modify the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The modified electrode showed high sensitivity and good selectivity for clenbuterol detection. It offered a linear range of 1.0 × 10⁻⁹–1.0 × 10⁻⁶ mol · L⁻¹ with a detection limit of 5.0 × 10⁻¹⁰ mol · L⁻¹ in pH = 1.2 solution. The oxidation mechanism of clenbuterol on the electrode was also investigated. Correspondence: Xiao-Ya Hu, Department of Chemistry, Yang Zhou University, Yang Zhou, Jiang Su, P.R. China     

Dimensionally stable Nafion–polyethylene composite membranes for direct methanol fuel cell applications

Nafion^® impregnated Solupor^®, microporous UHMWPE film, (N-PE), Nafion^®117 (N117) and a membrane prepared using a DE2020 Nafion^® dispersion (DE2020) were characterized with respect to their swelling degree (SD), methanol cross-over, proton conductivity and DMFC performance at various methanol concentrations in order to understand the effect of impregnation of an ion-conductive polymer membrane to the fuel cell performance.     

In situ formation of platinum nanoparticles in Nafion recast film for catalyst-incorporated ion-exchange membrane in fuel cell applications

Platinum (Pt) nanoparticles were synthesized inside a Nafion polyelectrolyte membrane for use as a catalyst membrane integrated layer in fuel cells. The integrated membrane was prepared by making use of the cation exchange between the tetraammineplatinum (II) cations ([Pt(NH₃)₄]²⁺) and sulfonic groups in the Nafion molecules, followed by film casting and chemical reduction. The synthesized Pt nanoparticles, which had a cubic shape with diameters of 11.5–14.5 nm, dispersed in the recast Nafion film, increased its proton conductivity and open circuit voltage compared with the pristine Nafion membrane. The Pt-incorporated membrane provided a 29% increment of the maximum power density, seemingly by oxidizing the crossover methanol passing through the proton-exchange membrane. At a high loading of Pt (over 3 wt.% in this study), the Nafion clusters were likely squeezed by the synthesized Pt nanoparticles so as to decrease the water uptake and proton conductivity. This hypothesis was also supported by the increased Ohmic resistance in the I–V polarization curve.     

Transport properties of composite membranes containing silicon dioxide and Nafion

Silicon dioxide (SiO₂) nanoparticles were incorporated into Nafion 115 membranes using the sol–gel method in order to investigate their effect on water retention/transport, proton concentration, effective proton mobility, and proton conductivity. By adjusting the sol–gel reaction time, Nafion/SiO₂ membranes were fabricated with SiO₂ content ranging from 5.9 to 33.3 wt%. Because the density of the membranes decreased with increasing SiO₂ content and because dimensional changes with swelling in water of the composite membranes were less than that of unmodified Nafion 115 despite having increased water content, the theory that rigid scaffolding is formed inside the membrane is supported. Water content increases with increasing SiO₂ content due to void space formed inside the membrane. This increase in water content dilutes the protons in the membrane leading to lower proton concentration and therefore lower proton conductivity. A decreasing effective proton mobility with increasing SiO₂ content, likely due to an increase in the tortuosity of the proton-conducting pathway, also contributes to the decreasing conductivity. However, as evidenced by the similar water vapour permeance values, the SiO₂ nanoparticles do not increase the effective tortuosity of the water vapour transmission pathways.     

Fuel cell cathode with Nafion and platinum: Calculating its overall performance with consideration of gas-and vapor-exchange processes in the gas-diffusion layer

The overall performance of cathodes with solid polymer electrolytes is calculated for three different cases in which gas-and vapor-exchange processes in the gas-diffusion layer are considered. First of all, specific results are presented for calculating the overall performance of oxygen and air cathodes under the assumption that external diffusion restrictions are completely absent. Then with these same conditions (i.e., all the parameters characterizing the active layer of the cathode remain the same), results of the overall performance are given for the idealized case in which gas exchange in the gas-diffusion layer causes the appearance of limiting currents, but in this case vapor exchange is completely ignored. Finally, an analysis is carried out to determine how vapor-exchange processes in the gas-diffusion layer alter overall cathode performance and what measures should be taken to reduce the significance of external diffusion restrictions.     

A Study of Nafion‐Coated Bismuth‐Film Electrode for the Determination of Zinc,Lead, and Cadmium in Blood Samples

In this article a sensitive differential pulse stripping voltammetry technique on Nafion‐coated bismuth‐film electrode (NCBFE) was studied for the simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, and lead ions in blood samples at ultra trace levels. The measurement results were in excellent agreement with those obtained from atomic absorption spectroscopy. Various operational parameters were investigated and discussed in terms of their effect on the measurement signals. Under optimal conditions, calibration curves for the simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, and lead ions were achieved, based on three times the standard deviation of the baseline, the limits of detection were 0.09 μg L^?1 for Cd(II), 0.13 μg L^?1 for Pb(II), and 0.97 μg L^?1 for Zn(II) respectively.     

Electrochemical Preparation of Brilliant‐Blue‐Modified Poly(diallyldimethylammonium Chloride) and Nafion‐Coated Glassy Carbon Electrodes and Their Electrocatalytic Behavior Towards Oxygen and L‐Cysteine

Brilliant blue FCF‐modified glassy carbon electrodes have been prepared by cycling the Nafion (or poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDAC)) coated electrodes repeatedly 15 cycles in brilliant blue FCF (BB FCF) dye solution. The BB FCF molecules are incorporated into Nafion coating by cycling the film‐covered electrode between +0.3 to 1.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in pH 1.5 BB FCF solution while PDDAC‐coated electrode cycled between 0 to ?1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in pH 6.5 BB FCF solution to immobilize the dye. Electrostatic interaction between dye molecule and PDDAC was predominant in PDDAC coating whereas immobilization of dye in Nafion film attributed to the combined effect of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. The voltammetric features of BB FCF‐modified electrodes resemble that of surface‐confined redox couples. The peak potentials of BB FCF‐incorporated PDDAC‐coated electrode were shifted to more positive potential region with decreasing pH of contacting solution. BB FCF‐modified electrodes showed electrocatalytic activity towards reduction of oxygen and oxidation of L ‐cysteine with significant decease of overvoltage compared to unmodified electrode. The BB FCF‐modified Nafion‐coated electrode was tested for its analytical applications toward determination of L ‐cysteine. The linear range of calibration plot at BB FCF‐modified Nafion‐coated electrode is 10 to 100 μM, which coincides with L ‐cysteine levels in biological fluids. Sensitivity and detection limit of the electrode are 111 nA μM^?1 and 0.5 μM, respectively.     

Pulse width modulation (PWM) control of the bending displacement and force generation of ionomer‐based polymer actuators

This paper discusses results of the pulse width modulation (PWM) control of the bending displacement and force generation of ionomer‐based polymer actuators. The idea of PWM control for polymer actuators is based on the frequency dependence on relaxation processes of the bending motion of the actuator. The actuators were fabricated by electroless plating of platinum on a perfluorinated sulfonated polymer (i.e. Nafion). It was noted that the duty cycles of PWM can smoothly control both the displacement and force generated by the actuator. The performance of the actuator was evaluated under 40%RH and 90%RH conditions because of the moisture sensitivity of the actuators. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.