辉石的拉曼光谱

由拉曼光谱仪测试巨晶普通辉石及包体中的顽火辉石、透辉石拉曼光谱,描述了谱图的位置、形态和相对强度,分析了振动模式,同时对相应的离子基团如非桥氧Si—O—,桥氧Si—O0,O—Si—O,M—O做了谱带归属。通过不同切片方向的谱带强度相对大小及某些谱带的缺失,初步研究了辉石族矿物晶体结晶学定向问题。     

ICP-MS/ICP-AES法快速测定转基因棉花种子中的矿质元素和重金属含量

转基因植物生理生态已成为当前的研究热点,外源基因的导入可能会造成许多无法预料的结果。文章借助ICP-MS/ICP-AES技术对我国自己研制的转基因棉花和对照种子中的矿质元素和重金属进行了研究。结果显示,转基因棉花种子中,所测量的15种矿质元素含量有12种显著低于非转基因对照,说明转基因棉花种子吸收和累积矿质元素的能力下降;而只有镁、铁、铜含量高于对照。在测定的九种重金属(有害元素)中有七种转基因抗虫棉高于对照,特别是铝和砷的含量高出许多甚至上百倍,而铬和汞两种重金属含量明显低于对照。     

自动化学间断分析仪和原子吸收光谱法测定锥栗不同授粉组合果实的元素含量

为探讨锥栗不同授粉组合果实中矿质元素是否也存在花粉直感效应，应用全自动间断化学分析仪和原子吸收光谱法测定了“华栗1号”、“华栗2号”、“华栗3号”和“黄榛”四个锥栗主栽品种自交、异交以及自然授粉的子代坚果中主要矿质元素的含量。结果表明，锥栗不同授粉组合坚果的N，P，K，Ca，Mg，Fe，Zn和Mn八种矿质元素含量差异较为显著，其矿质元素具有明显的花粉直感效应，尤其是铁、锌元素受花粉直感作用的影响较大，“华栗2号”ד黄榛”授粉组合果实铁、锌元素含量最高，分别为162.13和41.79 μg·g-1；“黄榛”ד华栗1号”授粉组合果实中Mn元素含量最高为165.67 μg·g-1，为锰微肥的利用提供了参考；通过主成分分析，评价出19个组合中在矿质元素方面表现最优的授粉组合为“华栗2号”ד黄榛”。该研究结果可为锥栗生产上合理配置授粉树和改善果实品质提供科学的依据。     

Influence of particle size and mineral phase in the analysis of iron ore slurries by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to the analysis of iron ore concentrates. The objective was to determine the influence of particle size and mineral phase on the LIBS signal. The LIBS spectra of hematite and magnetite ore concentrates were qualitatively indistinguishable from each other but magnetite yielded systematically less than hematite. This behavior could be set into an empirical equation to correct the iron peak intensities according to the level of magnetite in the analyzed sample. Similarly, an increase of the LIBS signal was observed as the particle size of the ore samples decreased. Again, an equation could be written down to correct the intensity of either iron or silicon in response to a variation of the average particle size of the ore concentrate. Using these corrections, proper response of the silicon signal against the concentration of silica in the samples was restored. The observed dependence of the strength of the iron signal upon the mineral phase is attributed to oxidation of magnetite into hematite.     

Proficiency test on the determination of mineral oil from polluted soils

Mineral oil products are abundant sources of environmental contamination. A Finnishproficiency test was carried out to investigate the quality of data provided in an analysis of mineral oil in polluted soils. The homogeneity and stability of the samples were tested. The calculated concentration or the median value of the results was used as the assigned value because of the unavailability of certified reference materials (CRMs). The samples were analysed using an infrared spectroscopy (IR) or gas chromatography (GC) procedure. Even if the participating laboratories had little experience with GC, the results were promising. Hence, the GC procedure will replace IR as the new ISO standard (ISO/DIS 16703) in the near future in many Finnish environmental laboratories. There is a need for CRMs for the determination of mineral oil using the GC method due to common contamination problems caused by mineral oil. Received: 9 December 2001 Accepted: 14 February 2002     

Binary electrocatalysts for organic oxidations

The electro-oxidation of formaldehyde and methanol has been studied on a number of binary platinum electrocatalysts. These comprised mixed electro-deposits of Pt with Sb, As, Bi, Hg, Re, Te or Sn and a range of homogeneous Pt-Rh alloys of different, known, surface composition. These systems were found to exhibit an enhanced activity over that of platinum alone, and this behaviour was correlated with the ease of adsorption of oxygen on the added metal. The activities for organic oxidation were compared with predictions of a model involving reaction between adsorbed oxygen and organic species on the metal surface. The proposed mechanism accounts for the behaviour of both homogeneous and heterogeneous alloy systems.     

沸石与酸性水溶液反应的动力学机制

利用连续搅拌筒反应器(CSTR)对天然沸石与酸性水溶液的反应动力学进行研究, 通过改变流速、 pH值等参数, 对反应速率进行计算和比较. 同时利用二次离子质谱(SIMS)、扫描电镜(SEM)对反应后的沸石表面进行分析研究. 实验结果表明, 沸石中的Si、Al、Na的释放速率在多数情况下不相同, 沸石的溶解为不一致溶解作用. 25 ℃、1.01×10⁵ Pa条件下, 硅的释放速率为：在pH=2.45溶液中反应时, -rSi=kS(aH+)1.25/ (aSi)0.60；在pH=3.26溶液中反应时, -rSi=kS(aH+)1.50/(aSi)0.25(S为矿物材料的表面积). SIMS研究显示, 天然沸石与酸性水溶液的反应中, 在沸石表面Si、Al、Na在100 nm的厚度范围内, 随着离表面距离的改变, 在近表面范围内Na、Al大量淋失, 有H⁺浸入. 此外, SEM分析结果显示, 天然沸石与纯水及酸性水溶液反应后, 表面形貌显著不同.     

Dehydration of sodium carbonate monohydrate with indirect microwave heating

In this study, dehydration of sodium carbonate monohydrate (Na₂CO₃·H₂O) (SCM) in microwave (MW) field with silicon carbide (SiC) as an indirect heating medium was investigated. SCM samples containing up to 3% free moisture were placed in the microwave oven. The heating experiments showed that SCM is a poor microwave energy absorber for up to 6 min of irradiation at an 800 W of microwave power. The heat for SCM calcination is provided by SiC which absorbs microwave. The monohydrate is then converted to anhydrous sodium carbonate on the SiC plate by calcining, i.e. by removing the crystal water through heating of the monohydrate temperatures of over 120 °C. The calcination results in a solid phase recrystallization of the monohydrate into anhydrate. In the microwave irradiation process, dehydration of SCM in terms of indirect heating can be accelerated by increasing the microwave field power.     

半微分阳极溶出伏安法测定矿泉水中痕量铝

利用铝(Ⅲ)与8 羟基喹啉形成络合物的反应,用半微分阳极溶出伏安法进行水样中痕量铝(Ⅲ)的测定。以0.024moL·L-1乙酸 乙酸胺缓冲液(pH6.0)为底液,玻碳电极为工作电极,测得络合物的氧化峰电位是0.87V(vs.Ag/AgCl,饱和KCl)。峰高与铝(Ⅲ)浓度在1.00×10-5～5.00×10-5mol·L-1、8.00×10-8～4.00×10-6mol·L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,铝的检出限为1.00×10-8mol·L-1。此法干扰较少,易于掩蔽,重复性好,灵敏度较高,用于矿泉水中微量铝(Ⅲ)的测定,获得满意效果。     

云母族矿物八面体化学成分与层面X射线衍射特征

运用粉末晶体结构分析的原理，从白云母、金云母和黑云母3种矿物的X射线粉末衍射图中得出云母族矿物的层面衍射强度变化与八面体化学成分改变的规律；利用相对衍射强度I002／I003将二八面体型云母与三八面体型相区分，用相对强度I004／I003分析三八面体型云母八面体中成分的变化。