Synthesis of silver nanowires via electroplating technology and its surface enhanced Raman scattering effect

This very paper is focusing on the preparation of silver nanostructures and the surface enhanced Raman scattering effect of the silver nanostructures produced. Via electroplating technology, silver nanowires and nanoparticles were prepared on silicon wafers. Characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope equipped with X-ray energy dispersion spectroscope and selected area electron diffraction, which reveals that the formation of silver nanostructures depends on the over-potential. The produced silver nanowires are of crystalline FCC structure and grow in 〈0 1 1〉 direction. The growth mechanism has been further discussed. The surface enhanced Raman scattering effect is achieved with the silver nanostructures produced.     

Preparation of polyaniline coating on a stainless-steel wire using electroplating and its application to the determination of six aromatic amines using headspace solid-phase microextraction

A novel polyaniline (PANI) coating was prepared on a stainless-steel wire for solid-phase microextraction by electroplating method. For better mechanical strength, the stainless-steel wire was used instead of the fused silica fiber. The electroplating method had advantages of ease of preparation and simple equipments. The PANI fiber was evaluated by analyzing six aromatic amines (aniline, N,N-dimethylaniline, m-methylaniline, 2,4-dimethylaniline, 2-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline) in water. After the analytical procedure was optimized, the linearity was from 4.8 to 2.75 x 10(4) microg L(-1) and the detection limits was from 0.019 to 1.06 microg L(-1). Relative standard deviations were found to be 2.02-6.00%. Good recoveries were obtained when wastewater samples were analyzed.     

PDMS extraction bars for the determination of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in water and wastewater

In this study, the preparation and application of extraction bars of PDMS were investigated to preconcentrate and determine benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene in water and wastewater by means of HPLC with fluorescence detection. Aliquot samples from hospital wastewater were used as the model effluent. The independent variables for the sorptive extraction were as follows: ionic strength (added amounts of NaCl); pH; temperature and time of absorption; temperature and time of desorption. Under optimized conditions, by using a factorial design, the suspended extraction bars could allow the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (1.20 ± 0.05 μg/L; 10.40 ± 0.02 μg/L; 1.80 ± 0.04 μg/L; 15.9 ± 0.04 μg/L, respectively) in hospital effluent (fortified samples), by recoveries of 71.9 ± 4.9 to 74.8 ± 5.6%. This procedure represents an innovation that eliminates the time‐consuming stage of vacuum microfiltration, and allows the determination of volatile organic compounds by HPLC. As far as we know, this procedure is original and represents an important contribution to the field.     

Application of factorial design to study of heavy metals biosorption by waste biomass from beverage distillery

A full factorial design leading to 20 sets of sorption runs was conducted to study the influence of four variables (bleaching earth and biomass concentrations, pH, and sorption time) on the iron, nickel, and chromium removal from stainless steel effluent using waste biomass from a beverage industry. Similar factor effects and interactions were found for each metalinvolved in this biosorption study, and the main factors were pH (positive effect) and biomass concentration (negative effect). Response surface methodology was adopted and an empirical linear polynomial model constructed on the basis of the specific uptake (mg of metal/g of biomass as dry weight) for each metal species. Under optimized process conditions (pH 4.0, biomass concentration of 2.0 g/L, absence of Celite), uptake values of 155 mg of Fe/g, 38 mg of Cr/g, and 0.4 mg of Ni/g were achieved after 3 h. This corresponded to a reduction in heavy metals concentration of approx 94% for Cr, 57% for Fe, and 25% for Ni.     

Molecular imprinted polymer for β-carotene for application in palm oil mill effluent treatment

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is one of the most significant pollutant in the form of wastewater. It could have negative effects on the environment include the emission of biogas and water pollution which comes from discharging the brownish tick POME to the water bodies if not properly managed. Discharge of dark brownish colored of POME directly into water bodies may affect the aquatic life as it will reduce sunlight penetration and suppress the photosynthetic activity. A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for removal of β-carotene from POME has been aimed to develope in this study. The preparation of β-carotene imprinted and non-imprinted polymer (NIP) involves polymerization of β-carotene (or without it) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), 9-vinylcarbazole (9VC), tolylene diisocyanate (TDI) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as the monomer, co-monomer, cross-linker and solvent (porogen), respectively. Analysis from FTIR showed that MIP and NIP have similar characteristic peak with different peaks intensity, indicating the similarity in the backbone structure of polymerization. TGA result displayed high thermal stability with final decomposition at 320 °C for MIP-β-CD-9VC as compared to NIP-β-CD-9VC. The pH study shows that sorption of β-carotene increased with decreasing the pH of POME and the maximum sorption capacities achieved at pH 2 were 10 μg/g and 7 μg/g for MIP-β-CD-9VC and NIP-β-CD-9VC, respectively. The maximum sorption achieved by using 500 mg of MIP as the sorption of β-carotene increased with increasing the dosage of MIP. Kinetic model evaluation has been applied on this prepared materials. The sorption equilibrium data was well described by Freundlich model. The results indicated that the sorption of β-carotene on MIP follows a pseudo–second–order kinetic.     

Liquid chromatography with diode array detection and multivariate curve resolution for the selective and sensitive quantification of estrogens in natural waters

Following the green analytical chemistry principles, an efficient strategy involving second-order data provided by liquid chromatography (LC) with diode array detection (DAD) was applied for the simultaneous determination of estriol, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethinylestradiol and estrone in natural water samples. After a simple pre-concentration step, LC–DAD matrix data were rapidly obtained (in less than 5 min) with a chromatographic system operating isocratically. Applying a second-order calibration algorithm based on multivariate curve resolution with alternating least-squares (MCR-ALS), successful resolution was achieved in the presence of sample constituents that strongly coelute with the analytes. The flexibility of this multivariate model allowed the quantification of the four estrogens in tap, mineral, underground and river water samples. Limits of detection in the range between 3 and 13 ng L⁻¹, and relative prediction errors from 2 to 11% were achieved.     

Use of chemometrics methods and multicriteria decision-making for site selection for sustainable on-site sewage effluent disposal

This paper presents a study undertaken to evaluate site suitability for sewage effluent renovation based on physico-chemical characteristics of the soil. The results obtained showed that as the soil becomes acidic, the phosphorus concentration in the soil reduces accordingly. The chloride ion concentration was found to be a reliable indicator for evaluating the soil capacity to remove nitrogen. A high cation exchange capacity (CEC) can enhance the renovation of sewage effluent. Soils with high quartz content had a low CEC with high organic matter content (OM) being able to compensate. Therefore, an understanding of the micro-nutrients in the soil, organic matter content and chloride ion concentration are important.To facilitate a multi-variate approach for site selection, multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) methods, PROMETHEE and GAIA, were applied for analysis of a sequence of three matrices consisting of 8, 16, and 48 soil site objects, respectively, and seven soil property parameters. Matrix models and the interpretation of results are discussed in detail. From these analyses, PROMETHEE II net outranking flows, ?, found that two sites were always among the top three ranks of the three matrix models, which suggested that they were the most suitable for sewage effluent renovation. The criteria CEC and OM, were particularly important for the selection of these better sites, but pH and Cl⁻ attributes discriminated the weaker performing sites from the better ones; as well the PO₄³⁻ and the NH₃-N criteria were in general opposition to CEC, OM, pH and Cl⁻ but were much less effective as discriminators. Consideration of net outranking flows suggested an approach method for the selection of other possibly suitable sites for sewage effluent renovation.     

锡钴合金电沉积层的结构与锂离子嵌脱行为

应用电沉积方法制备Sn-Co合金镀层.X-射线衍射和扫描电子显微镜分析表明,该Sn-Co合金镀层为六方固溶体结构,含Co量为20%的Sn-Co合金,其沉积层呈现(110)择优取向.表面微孔随沉积层Co含量的增加而增多.以Sn-Co合金镀层作锂离子电极材料,电化学性能测试表明,其首次充电曲线表现出锡钴合金、锡及锡氧化物与锂合金化的多个反应综合特征,随后的充电曲线趋于稳定,呈现L i-Sn-Co合金化反应特征;具有择优取向和多孔结构的Sn-Co合金电极材料的充放电性能较好,首次库仑效率为63.9%,经过20次充放电循环后,其充电容量为461mAg/h,库仑效率为99%.     

反相固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱仪同时测定污水中9种卤乙酸的方法研究

使用反相固相萃取预处理与超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱仪(RSPE UPLC-MS/MS)联用建立了同时测定污水中9种卤乙酸(HAAs)的分析方法。研究表明:ENVI-C18固相萃取小柱能有效去除污水样品中有机基质的干扰,样品pH值调至2.5能有效消除无机离子对HAAs离子化的影响;采用HSST3(2.1 mm×100 mm)色谱柱,以甲醇和0.000 5%甲酸为流动相,可在15.0 min内将9种HAAs分离且效果良好。采用优化后的程序建立标准曲线,9种HAAs的线性范围为0.5~100μg/L,相关系数(r2)为0.999 7~0.999 9,检出限和定量下限分别为0.02~0.26μg/L和0.05~0.86μg/L,日内和日间相对标准偏差分别为1.4%~10.0%和1.7%~10.0%。3个污水处理厂出水在2.5μg/L和10μg/L的加标浓度水平下,回收率为85.2%~107.8%。该方法能够满足污水处理厂出水中9种HAAs的检测要求。     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定污水厂污泥和进、出水中的镉、铅

建立了微波消解–石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定污水处理厂进出水和污泥中重金属Cd,Pb的方法。分别向污水样品中加入5.0 mL硝酸,污泥样品中加入4.0 mL硝酸和2.0 mL双氧水,放入微波消解炉中进行消解。消解好的样品用1%NH_4H_2PO_4作为基体改进剂,在0.5%HNO_3介质中采用塞曼扣除背景,石墨炉程序升温方式进行Cd,Pb的原子化,用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定Cd,Pb的含量。Cd,Pb的质量浓度分别在0~2.00μg/L,0~40.0μg/L范围内与其吸收峰高呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数分别为0.999 1,0.999 6。Cd,Pb检出限分别为0.104 9,0.394 5μg/L,测定结果的相对标准偏差分别为1.34%~3.61%,2.12%~2.80%(n=11),加标回收率分别为98.2%~102.6%,94.0%~100.4%。该方法简单,高效,结果准确度高,重现性好,适用于污水处理厂的进出水和污泥中重金属铅和镉的检测。