Aspergillolide,a new 12-membered macrolide from sea cucumber-derived fungus Aspergillus sp. S-3-75

Abstract

A new 12-membered macrolide, aspergillolide (1), along with nine known compounds (2–10), were isolated from the fungus Aspergillus sp. S-3-75 associated with the sea cucumber Holothuria nobilis Selenka. The structure and absolute stereochemistry of 1 were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic methods and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.     

重组β-木糖苷酶转化人参皂苷Rb3及C-Mx

从Aspergillus niger NG1306菌株中扩增得到β-木糖苷酶基因anxyl, 与pPICZαA连接构建了表达载体pPICZαA-anxyl, 进一步在毕赤酵母KM71H中诱导表达获得了目的酶蛋白重组β-木糖苷酶(Anxyl); 并将其用于人参皂苷Rb₃及C-Mx的生物转化及催化动力学参数表征. 研究结果表明, Anxyl可将人参皂苷Rb₃和C-Mx分别转化为人参皂苷Rd和C-K. 酶学性质研究表明, 该酶最适反应pH=2.5, 最适反应温度为35 ℃; 在pH=2.0~5.0, 20和30 ℃条件下其具有较好的稳定性, Mg²⁺对酶活具有促进作用. Anxyl对葡萄糖和乙醇有较好的耐受性, 其催化对硝基苯基-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(pNPX)、 人参皂苷Rb₃和C-Mx水解的米氏常数(K_m)值分别为3.1, 1.55和1.04 mmol/L, 酶的最大反应速率(V_max)分别为1.9×10², 0.8×10³和8×10³ mmol/min, 酶的转换数(K_cat)值分别为5.55, 0.17和1.85 s^-1, 表明该酶对天然底物Rb₃和C-Mx具有更高的亲和力.     

甲壳素脱乙酰酶产生菌的筛选及产酶条件

采用固体平板培养和液体发酵筛选产生甲壳素脱乙酰酶的真菌,并且研究了产酶条件.结果显示在42株真菌中有26株有甲壳素脱乙酰酶活性,最终确定了构巢曲霉和蓝色犁头霉两株产酶活性较高的菌株,它们产生的酶活性分别是343U.mL-1和289U.mL-1.不同的菌株的产酶培养基中的碳源均为含乙酰基的碳源,最适氮源分别为酵母粉和蛋白胨,产酶能力都受Mn2 和Co2 促进,受Cu2 、Fe2 、Fe3 的抑制;构巢曲霉的最适温度、最适pH分别为29℃,7.0~7.5,蓝色犁头霉的最适温度、最适pH分别为31℃,6.5~7.0,最适发酵时间均为96h.     

Xylanase production byAspergillus tamarii

Aspergillus tamarii has been found to grow well and to produce high cellulase-free xylanase activity when growing on corn cob powder as the principal substrate. Maximum xylanase production (285-350 U/mL) was obtained when the strain was grown in media supplemented with high corn cob concentration (5-8%, w/v) for 5 d. The presence of constitutive levels of xylanase was detected in cultures with glucose as the carbon source. Zymogram analysis for detection of xylanase activity after electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels has shown thatA. tamarii produces at least two xylanases under the conditions utilized. The hydrolysis patterns of xylan demonstrated that the xylanases were endoenzymes, yielding mainly xylobiose, xylotriose, and higher xylooligosaccharides with traces of xylose.     

黑曲霉脂肪酶基因的克隆及其在毕赤酵母中的表达

根据黑曲霉F044脂肪酶N-端氨基酸序列，运用生物信息学方法，找到与黑曲霉脂肪酶基因同源的候选基因A84689．根据该基因序列，设计引物直接经RT—PCR扩增得到黑曲霉脂肪酶全长基因anl．anl全长1044bp，含3个内含子，编码297个氨基酸（含信号肽27个氨基酸），与其他脂肪酶基因没有明显的同源性．将成熟脂肪酶基因连接到pPIC9K载体上得到重组表达质粒，转化P．pastoris GSll5．脂肪酶基因在P．pastoris GSll5中实现了分泌性表达．     

Asperchalasine A,a Cytochalasan Dimer with an Unprecedented Decacyclic Ring System,from Aspergillus flavipes

Asperchalasine A ( 1 ), the first cytochalasan dimer featuring a unique decacyclic 5/6/11/5/5/6/5/11/6/5 ring system consisting of 20 chiral centers, was isolated from the culture broth of Aspergillus flavipes. Three biogenetically related intermediates, asperchalasines B–D ( 2 – 4 ), were also isolated. Their structures, including their absolute configurations, were elucidated using a combination of HRESIMS, NMR, ECD, molecular modeling, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction techniques. Compound 1 , which possesses an unprecedented 13‐oxatetracyclo[7.2.1.1^2,5.0^1,6]tridec‐8,12‐dione core structure, is the first example of a dimeric cytochalasan alkaloid. The biogenetic pathways of 1 – 4 were described starting from the co‐isolated compounds 5 and 6 . More importantly, 1 induced significant G1‐phase cell cycle arrest by selectively inhibiting cyclin A, CDK2 and CDK6 in cancerous, but not normal, cells, highlighting it as a potentially selective cell cycle regulator against cancer cells.     

Trienic α-pyrone and ochratoxin derivatives from a sponge-derived fungus Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis

A new trienic α-pyrone derivative asteltoxin G (1) bearing a tetrahydrofuran ring and a new ochratoxin derivative named ochratoxin A₁ (5), along with seven known compounds, were isolated from a sponge-derived fungus Aspergillus ochraceopetaliformis. The compounds (1–9) were evaluated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and comparison with those of the reported data. The new compound ochratoxin A₁ (5) exhibited anti-inflammatory activity against IL-6 and TNF-α expression of the LPS-induced THP-1 cells with inhibitory rates of 74.4 and 67.7% at concentration of 10 μM, respectively.     

Purification and properties of three cellobiases from Aspergillus niger A20

Three cellobiases, here called cellobiase A, B, and C, from the culture filtrate of Aspergillus niger A20, were purified by precipitation with ammonium sulphate, gel filtration through Sephadex G-75, and column chromatography of DEAE-cellulose. The purified enzymes were homogeneous on polyacrylamide disk electrophoresis. The mol wt of the purified enzymes were estimated by SDS-gelelectrophoresis to be 88,000, 80,000, and 71,000 for cellobiases A, B, and C, respectively. The enzymes were active at pH 4.5 and 55–60°C. The pattern of their aminoacid compositions showed high contents of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, threonine, serine, and glycine. The apparent K_m values for cellobiose were 0.9, 1.63, and 1.0 mM for cellobiases A, B, and C, respectively. Calcium ions stimulated cellobiases B and C, and Co²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions stimulated cell obiase A. The purified enzymes hydrolyzed cellobiose and aryl-β-d-glucosides, but they had no action on sucrose, maltose, and cellulose. The three cellobiases catalyzed transglycosylate reaction, and the major product formed from cellobiose was tetramer of glucose.     

Bioactive Cytochalasins from Aspergillus flavipes,an Endophytic Fungus Associated with the Mangrove Plant Acanthus ilicifolius

Five new cytochalasins, Z₁₆–Z₂₀ ( 1 – 5 ), and three known ones, 6 – 8 , were isolated from Aspergillus flavipes, an endophytic fungus associated with Acanthus ilicifolius. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive spectral analysis. Cytochalasin Z₁₇ ( 2 ) and rosellichalasin ( 8 ) showed cytotoxic activities against A‐549 cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 5.6 and 7.9 μM , respectively.     

Three new xanthone derivatives from an algicolous isolate of Aspergillus wentii

Three new xanthone derivatives, yicathin A (1), yicathin B (2), and yicathin C (3), and three known anthraquinone derivatives, alatinone (4), 1,5‐dihydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐7‐methylanthraquinone (5), and 5‐hydroxy‐1,3‐dimethoxy‐7‐methylanthraquinone (6), were isolated from the cultures of Aspergillus wentii pt‐1, an endophytic fungus isolated from the marine red alga Gymnogongrus flabelliformis. Their structures were unambiguously elucidated by NMR and mass spectroscopic methods as well as quantum chemical calculations. Compound 2 was active against Escherichia coli, and 3 could inhibit E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Colletotrichum lagenarium. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.