基于RSM和RA-BPNN的锌窑渣中铜浮选试验优化

云南某地锌窑渣矿样,原矿为高碱性矿石,矿石含铜1.38;,氧化率为30.12;.以磨矿细度、戊基黄药用量、碳酸钠用量、硫酸铜用量和硫化钠用量作自变量,以浮选回收率为因变量,分别建立了CCD响应曲面设计模型(RSM)和基于回归分析-BP神经网络(RA-BPNN)的浮选预测优化模型.根据两种模型的优化能力、优化精度进行分析和对比,结果表明,基于RA-BPNN模型进行预测及试验验证,铜回收率达到了64.06;,误差为0.74;,浮选回收率较RSM模型提高了1.54个百分点,且误差明显小于RSM模型,这表明RA-BPNN模型的优化能力高于RSM.根据试验结果,确定了锌窑渣浮选回收铜的最佳浮选条件为:磨矿细度90;、戊基黄药用量370 g/t、碳酸钠用量720 g/t、硫酸铜用量1080 g/t、硫化钠用量870 g/t.通过"一次粗选、三次精选、两次扫选、中矿顺序返回"的闭路浮选工艺流程,获得了品位为6.58;,回收率为55.98;的铜精矿.     

非贵金属催化剂在羟甲基糠醛电氧化增值中的应用

羟甲基糠醛是呋喃类化合物,具有价格低廉及来源广泛的优点,可作为平台化合物用于制备其它高附加值产品.传统的热催化氧化增值方法需要高温、高压及贵金属催化剂,造成经济效益的下降.而电氧化方法不需要高温、高压条件;同时,通过对电催化剂的合理设计,非贵金属催化剂表面的羟甲基糠醛选择性转化已经得以实现,从而避免使用大量贵金属.因此,通过电氧化方法对羟甲基糠醛平台化合物进行高附加值转化受到了广泛关注.在羟甲基糠醛氧化的多种产物中,羟基和醛基被全部氧化为羧基的产物——2,5-呋喃二甲酸,被美国能源部列为“最具有价值的12种生物质衍生化学品”之一.鉴于此,本文介绍了羟甲基糠醛电氧化增值生产2,5-呋喃二甲酸的重要研究价值及相关非贵金属电催化剂的最新进展,并对催化羟甲基糠醛电氧化反应的非贵金属催化剂的发展前景进行了展望.     

糠醛渣对气化煤灰熔融特性影响的研究

本研究选择一种典型糠醛渣和两种硅铝比(Si/Al)不同的气化煤,考察配入糠醛渣对两种气化煤灰熔融温度的影响,利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了不同温度下灰渣的矿物质变化规律,采用热力学计算软件FactSage计算了平衡状态下的物相变化。研究结果表明,随着糠醛渣配比的增加,两种气化煤灰的熔融温度均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,其中,高硅铝比的气化煤灰增加趋势更显著。配入糠醛渣后气化灰渣难熔相由钙长石(CaAl₂Si₂O₈)变为白榴石(KAlSi₂O₆),白榴石(KAlSi₂O₆)在1300℃仍以固相形式存在,导致灰熔融温度升高。硅铝比高的气化煤灰的SiO₂相对含量高,其与糠醛渣中的K₂O反应生成更多高熔点的白榴石(KAlSi₂O₆),导致其熔融温度升高趋势更显著。随着糠醛渣配比的继续增加,共气化灰渣中K₂O含量增加,灰渣中形成低熔点的钾...     

利用空间位阻和氢溢流协同作用促进5-羟甲基糠醛选择性加氢制备5-甲基糠醛

Selective hydrogenation is a vital class of reaction. Various unsaturated functional groups in organic compounds, such as aromatic rings, alkynyl (C≡C), carbonyl (C＝O), nitro (-NO₂), and alkenyl (C＝C) groups, are typical targets in selective hydrogenation. Therefore, selectivity is a key indicator of the efficiency of a designed hydrogenation reaction. 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) is an important platform compound in the context of biomass conversion, and recently, the hydrogenation of HMF to produce fuels and other valuable chemicals has received significant attention. Controlling the selectivity of HMF hydrogenation is paramount because of the different reducible functional groups (C＝O, C-OH, and C＝C) in HMF. Moreover, the exploration of new routes for hydrogenating HMF to valuable chemicals is becoming attractive. 5-Methylfurfural (MF) is also an important organic compound; thus, the selective hydrogenation of HMF to MF is an essential synthetic route. However, this reaction has challenging thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, making it difficult to realize. Herein, we propose a strategy to design a highly efficient catalytic system for selective hydrogenation by exploiting the synergy between steric hindrance and hydrogen spillover. The design and preparation of the Pt@PVP/Nb₂O₅ catalyst (PVP = polyvinyl pyrrolidone; Nb₂O₅ = niobium(V) oxide) were also conducted. Surprisingly, HMF could be converted to MF with 92% selectivity at 100% HMF conversion. The reaction pathway was revealed through the combination of control experiments and density functional theory calculations. Although PVP blocked HMF from accessing the surface of Pt, hydrogen (H₂) could be activated on the surface of Pt due to its small molecular size, and the activated H₂ could migrate to the surface of Nb₂O₅ through a phenomenon called H₂ spillover. The Lewis acidic surface of Nb₂O₅ could not adsorb the C＝O group but could adsorb and activate the C-OH group of HMF; therefore, when HMF was adsorbed on Nb₂O₅, the C-OH groups were hydrogenated by the spilled over H₂ to form MF. The high selectivity of this reaction was realized because of the unique combination of steric effects, hydrogen spillover, and tuning of the electronic states of the Pt and Nb₂O₅ surfaces. This new route for producing MF has great potential for practical application owing to its discovered advantages. We believe that this novel strategy can be used to design catalysts for other selective hydrogenation reactions. Furthermore, this study demonstrates a significant breakthrough in selective hydrogenation, which will be of interest to researchers working on the utilization of biomass, organic synthesis, catalysis, and other related fields.      

CoMn@NC催化5-羟甲基糠醛常压氧化为2, 5-呋喃二甲酸二甲酯

Dimethyl furan-2, 5-dicarboxylate (DMFDCA) is a valuable biomass-derived chemical that is an ideal alternative to fossil-derived terephthalic acid as a monomer for polymers. The one-step oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to DMFDCA is of practical significance. It not only shortens the reaction pathway but also avoids the separation process of intermediates; thus, reducing cost. In this work, non-noble bimetallic catalysts supported on N-doped porous carbon (CoMn@NC) were synthesized via a one-step co-pyrolysis procedure using different pyrolysis temperatures and proportions of metal precursors and additives. We employed the prepared CoMn@NC catalysts in the aerobic oxidation of HMF under mild reaction conditions to obtain DMFDCA. High-yield DMFDCA was obtained by screening the prepared catalysts and optimizing the reaction conditions, including the strength and amount of the base, as well as the reaction temperature. The optimized yield of DMFDCA was 85% over the Co₃Mn₂@NC-800 catalyst after 12 h at 50 ℃ using ambient-pressure oxygen. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were determined using a variety of characterization techniques, the factors affecting the performance of each catalyst were investigated, and the relationship between the physicochemical properties and performance of the prepared catalysts was elucidated. A porous structure with a high surface area had a positive effect on mass transfer efficiency. Cobalt nanoparticles (NPs) and atomically dispersed Mn were coordinated to N-doped carbon to form M―N_x (where M = Co or Mn). Based on the Mott-Schottky effect, there was significant electron transfer between each metal and the N-doped carbon, additionally, the metal NPs supplied electrons to the carbon atoms. The electron-deficient metal site in the pyridinic N-rich carbon was beneficial for the activation of HMF and oxygen. The activation of oxygen produced reactive oxygen species (such as superoxide radical anions) to ensure high selectivity to DMFDCA through dehydrogenative oxidation of the hemiacetal intermediate and hydroxymethyl group of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-furoate. The existence of disordered and defective carbons increased the number of active sites. Subsequently, we performed a series of control experiments. Based on our current experimental results and previous studies, we propose a simple mechanism for the aerobic oxidation of HMF to DMFDCA. The catalyst was stable, its performance decreased slightly after two cycles, and it was tolerant to SCN⁻ ions and resistant against N or S poisoning. Furthermore, the use of this catalytic system can be expanded to various substituted aromatic alcohols, such as benzyl alcohols with different substituents, furfuryl alcohol, and heterocyclic alcohols. Simultaneously, the product type was further extended from methyl esters to ethyl esters with a high yield when the substrate reacted with ethanol. In conclusion, this catalytic system can be applied in the production of carboxylic esters for polymers.     

含氨基酸单元Schiff碱的合成与表征

以谷氨酸为原料合成了四个新型的含糠醛或苯甲醛Schiff碱的氨基酸衍生物,并通过红外光谱、质谱和核磁共振氢谱对化合物的组成及结构进行了表征．     

分光光度法测定纤维素水解液中5-羟甲基糠醛和糠醛

5-羟甲基糠醛(5-HMF)和糠醛(FUR)是纤维素酸水解过程中产生的中间产物.此文提出了用硫代巴比酸作为衍生试剂并利用一阶导数分光光度法测定5-HMF和FUR的方法.利用零点交叉测量法在412nm和428am波长下,可以同时确定5-HMF和FUR的含量,两者的质量浓度在0.4～3.2 mg·L-1范围内与一阶导数值呈线性关系.试验了方法的精密度和回收率,同时测定两组分的相对标准偏差(n=7)分别为2.23%和2.06%,回收率分别为96.0%和105.0%.     

高效液相色谱法测定苹果与山楂制品中展青霉素

利用高效液相色谱法测定了苹果、山楂等制品中的展青霉素.样品经乙酸乙酯提取、碳酸钠净化后进行检测,通过对流动相、检测波长等试验条件的优化,消除了5-羟甲基糠醛对展青霉素测定的干扰,方法的回收率为95.2%～107.1%;检出限(3S/N)为0.04 mg·L-1,线性范围在0.14～2.8 mg·L-1.     

高效液相色谱法测定味精厂发酵渣中的氨基酸

建立了37种标准氨基酸混合液的分离方法,并以此分离条件测定发酵渣和大米中各种氨基酸含量,测定结果表明发酵渣中氨基酸含量是大米的六倍以上,可提纯作为营养品。 本法系离子交换色谱法,使氨基酸混合液通过锂柱,控制不同pH值的流动相进行梯度淋洗,使各种氨基酸分离,柱后依序加入次氯酸钠     

气相色谱法测定亚硫酸盐废液发酵过程中的醋酸、糠醛和乙醇

发酵亚硫酸盐废液中的单糖制酒精的过程中,抑制剂醋酸和糠醛[1]及产物乙醇的测定是发酵研究的重要方面。文献中用气相色谱法测定水溶液中的脂肪酸[2,3]、亚硫酸废液中的糠醛[4]及同时测定发酵液中的脂肪酸和乙醇[5—7]的报道虽然很多,但有的是用溶剂萃取法[2,4],有的是用程序升温法,