在新课程中如何进行基于核心观念建构的教学设计--"新世界"课程标准实验教科书《化学1(必修)》第2章1节"元素与物质的分类"教学设计与实施研究

高中化学新课程、新教材对事实为本的教学设计提出了挑战,也为观念为本的教学设计提供了很好的平台.本文以"新世纪"高中化学课程标准实验教科书<化学1(必修)>第2章第1节"元素与物质的分类"的教学设计及实施为例,阐述了在高中化学新课程中如何进行基于核心观念建构的教学设计这一理论和方法.     

原子价壳层电子量子拓扑指数与元素电负性的关系

在基态原子价壳层电子隐核图的基础上, 基于拓扑化学原理以及原子价壳层电子结构特征, 构建了原子价壳层电子量子拓扑指数(AEI), 它对基态原子实现唯一性表征, 结合原子价壳层电子平均化能(∑n_iE_i/∑n_i)等参数, 建立了一套新的元素电负性标度: X_N＝－0.588710AEI₁＋0.761214AEI₂＋0.154982(∑n_iE_i/∑n_i)－0.080929. 该式给出了周期表中氢至镅共95种元素的电负性, 结果表明新电负性标度X_N与Pauling电负性标度颇为一致. 进一步从原子价轨道量子拓扑指数确定了sp, sp², sp³杂化轨道的电负性. 新标度在元素和物质的结构-性质研究中具有一定的适用性.     

尼龙1212/蒙脱土体系在剪切流场中蒙脱土片层剥离机理的研究

在聚合物熔体插层蒙脱土(MMT)过程中,流场的作用使得蒙脱土晶粒表面的片层在超过临界值时发生弯曲,与内核之间形成一楔状,并进一步发生断裂,形成剥离结构.结果表明,合适的流场强度是得到适当大小的片状粒子的关键.     

Distribution of active earth pressure of retaining wall with wall movement of rotation about top

Based on the Coulomb‘s theory that the earth pressure against the back of a retaining wall is due to the thrust exerted by the sliding wedge of soil from the back of the wall to a plane which passes through the bottom edge of the wall and has an inclination equal to the angle of O, the theoretical answers to the unit earth pressure, the resultant earth pressure and the point of application of the resultant earth pressure on a retaining wall were obtained for the wall movement mode of rotation about top. The comparisons were made among the formula presented here, the formula for the wall movement mode of translation, the Coulomb‘ s formula and some experimental observations. It is demonstrated that the magnitudes of the resultant earth pressures for the wall movement mode of rotation about top is equal to that determined by the formula for the wall movement mode of translation and the Coulomb‘s theory. But the distribution of the earth pressure and the points of application of the resultant earth pressures have significant difference.     

墙体绕墙顶转动情况下挡土墙主动土压力分布

根据库仑土压力理论的假设,挡土墙上的土压力是由墙后填土在极限平衡状态下出现的滑动楔体产生,给出了墙体绕墙顶转动变位模式下土压力强度、土压力合力和土压力合力作用点的理论公式,并与库仑土压力理论、墙体平动变位模式下土压力和有关实验结果进行了比较．结果表明,墙体绕墙顶转动变位模式下土压力合力与墙体平动变位模式下土压力合力相等,且等于库仑理论计算结果,但土压力合力作用点和土压力分布有显著差别．     

苯并噁嗪/蒙脱土插层体系和苯并噁嗪体系的动态固化行为比较

比较了苯并噁嗪单体(BZ)和插层于蒙脱土层间的苯并噁嗪单体(BZ/MMT)两种体系的动态固化特性.实验发现,经有机化处理的蒙脱土在BZ/MMT体系的固化行为中起着重要的作用,使该体系存在催化聚合和热聚合两类固化单元反应.结果造成两种体系在特征固化温度、固化速率、反应热、反应级数以及表观活化能上存在明显的差别.     

Layered Double Hydroxides with Hydrotalcite—type Structure Containing Fe^3＋,Al^3＋ and Mg^2＋

IntroductionLayered double hydroxides( LDHs) with hy-drotalcite ( HT ) - type structure are composed oftrivalent and divalent metal ions and have the gen-eral formula[1] ,[M2 + 1-x M3 + x ( OH) 2 ]x+ An-x/ n· m H2 O,where M3 + is a trivalentmental ion,such as Al3 + ,Fe3 + ,La3 + ,Ni3 + ,Mn3 + etc.,M2 + is a divalentmetal ion,such as Mg2 + ,Zn2 + ,Ca2 + ,Cu2 + ,Co2 +etc.,An-is a charge compensating anion,such asOH-,Cl-,NO-3 ,CO2 -3 etc.,m is the number ofthe moles of co- intercalat…     

Stacking fault energy of cryogenic austenitic steels

Stacking fault energy and stacking fault nucleation energy are defined in terms of the physical nature of stacking faults and stacking fault energy, and the measuring basis for stacking fault energy. Large quantities of experimental results are processed with the aid of a computer and an expression for calculating stacking fault energy has been obtained as γ³⁰⁰_SF(mJ·m^-2)=γ⁰_SF+1.59Ni-1.34Mn+0.06Mn²-1.75Cr+0.01Cr²+15.21Mo-5.59Si-60.69(C+1.2N)^1/2 + 26.27(C+1.2N)(Cr+Mn+Mo)^1/2+0.61[Ni·(Cr+Mn)]^1/2.     

非饱和土的非线性固结模型和弹塑性固结模型及其应用

把作者最近提出的非饱和土的增量非线性本构模型及由作者改进的Alonso等人提出的非饱和土弹塑性模型引入陈正汉建立的非饱和土的固结理论,得到非饱和土的非线性固结模型和弹塑性固结模型,设计了有关程序,求解了地基在分级加载条件下的固结过程和塑性区的动态扩展,从而把非饱和土固结问题的研究推到了一个新水平。     

二面角

二面角是立体几何的基本概念之一,是组成空间图形的重要元素．涉及二面角的度数或二面角彼此相等时,一般应先考虑它的平面角,我们可以根据定义在给定图形中找出二面角的平面角,若题设图形中没有给出,则需要根据图形的实际情况作出平面角．