A Robust Near-Infrared Calibration Model for the Determination of Chlorophyll Concentration in Tree Leaves with a Calibration Transfer Method

A method based on piecewise direct standardization was developed to directly predict leaf chlorophyll concentrations by correction of near-infrared spectra to construct a robust calibration model. Chinar, camphor, and gingko leaves collected from two growth intervals were evaluated. Spectral pretreatment methods and wavelength selection were investigated. The first derivative combined with stability competitive adaptive reweighted sampling before piecewise direct standardization provided the best performance. Under the optimized parameters, the root mean square error of prediction was significantly reduced by using piecewise direct standardization. This study demonstrates that the calibration model may be used to rapidly characterize chlorophyll concentrations across species and growth intervals.     

基于野外可见近红外光谱和水分影响校正算法的土壤剖面有机碳预测

土壤是陆地碳循环的中枢,充分发挥土壤固碳潜力有助于减缓全球气候变化。土壤有机碳 (SOC) 的高度分异性同时体现在空间和垂直分布上,但是许多前期研究往往只考虑了空间分异,而忽略了垂直分异。尤其在青藏高原这种高寒山区,土壤样品采集难度较大且费用昂贵。可见近红外 (Vis-NIR) 光谱作为传统土壤实验室化学分析的辅助手段,能够较为快速和精准地估测SOC含量。但是土壤水分等环境因素会掩盖或改变SOC的Vis-NIR光谱吸收特征进而削弱模型预测精度。外部参数正交化 (EPO) 和分段直接标准化 (PDS) 算法可以有效校正水分对光谱的影响,但其在野外新鲜土柱上的表现还不得而知。本研究旨在探索不同水分影响校正算法对野外剖面土壤光谱的校正能力,对采自中国青藏高原海拔2 900～4 500 m色季拉山的共26个1 m深土柱。沿深度以5 cm×5 cm为测量单元,从各单元中心采集共计386个野外原状湿样Vis-NIR光谱,并在实验室内测得相应386个研磨干样的Vis-NIR光谱以及SOC含量。经EPO和PDS算法校正土壤水分对光谱的影响后,通过随机森林建立土壤光谱和SOC含量的定量预测模型,并使用靴襻法评估不同校正处理下预测模型的不确定。土柱整体及垂直分布的精度结果表明,经PDS法转换的农田和草地土柱湿样光谱均表现出良好的水分校正效果,而EPO法仅对农田土柱有效。水分影响校正算法在不同土壤深度上也存在显著差异,EPO和PDS对农田和草地表层样本的水分校正均效果明显。两种校正方法的效果显示出地类和土层深度的依赖性。本研究为利用Vis-NIR光谱技术在高寒山区野外快速准确估算土壤碳含量的垂直分异提供了必要参考。     

光热偏转光谱法的研究

为了建立棱镜型光热偏转光谱法的理论框架,采用棱镜的光色散特性研究了激励光源对待测样品表面周期性照射情况下的探测光偏转角与光热信号之间的解析关系。得到了棱镜型样品表面周期性变化的偏转角表达式。实现结果表明,该方法比传统型光谱法具有理论模型简单、实验容易实现、分辨率高、灵敏度高等优点。     

土壤水分去除算法的田间原位光谱反演棉田有机质

田间原位可见-近红外光谱(VIS-NIR)能够有效的提高土壤属性的检测效率,但由于原位土壤中水分因素的影响,土壤属性的预测精度很难达到预期。如何有效去除土壤中的水分对土壤其他属性光谱预测的影响,是利用田间原位光谱高精度预测土壤属性所面临的难题,也是土壤光谱技术由室内转向田间的突破口。该问题的有效解决,可减除土壤样品的采集与室内预处理等过程,实现土壤属性的田间原位光谱测定。以新疆南部地区阿拉尔垦区十二团棉田为研究区,采用网格采样法共采集了116个0～20 cm深度的表层土壤样品,剔除1个异常值样品,得到115个有用样品,利用SR-3500型便携式地物光谱仪采集了231个样点的田间原位光谱数据,土样经风干、研磨和过筛等处理后测定其室内光谱和有机质含量。利用Kennard-Stone算法将115个土样分为69个转换子集及46个预测集,采用外部参数正交化法(EPO)、光谱直接转换法(DS)及光谱间接转换法(PDS)三种去除水分算法结合原位光谱反射率(R)、反射率一阶微分(R′)、反射率对数(LOG(R))以及反射率倒数(1/R)四种数学变换方式,运用随机森林(RF)模型进行不同组合模型的构建及精度评价。结果表明：(1)土壤有机质含量越高,土壤光谱反射率越低。土壤田间原位光谱反射率低于土壤室内光谱反射率;(2)室内光谱反射率与土壤有机质含量之间的相关性大于田间原位光谱,室内光谱经一阶微分变换后与土壤有机质含量之间的相关性显著提升。(3)土壤室内光谱反射率模型预测精度(R2=0.86, RPD=2.08, RMSE=1.55 g·kg-1, MAPE= 0.14)高于田间原位光谱反射率模型(R2=0.71, RPD=1.49, RMSE=2.17 g·kg-1, MAPE=0.20)。在去除水分算法模型中,以EPO一阶微分模型去除水分效果最好,决定系数R2由0.71提高到0.83,RPD由1.49提高到2.04,RMSE由2.17 g·kg-1降低至1.58 g·kg-1,MAPE由0.20降低至0.14。本研究实现了去除土壤水分因素的影响,提高了田间原位光谱预测土壤有机质的精度,为南疆棉田大尺度土壤有机质的预测及土壤肥力的评价提供了重要的参考。     

STUDY OF GRAFTING COPOLYMER OF STYRENE AND 2,2,6,6-TETRAMETHYL-4-PIPERIDINYL METHACRYATE ONTO POLYPROPYLENE DURING HEATING

The grafting of copolymer of styrene and 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl methacrylate onto polypropylene during heating was studied by IR and ESR. It is found that the graft reaction is going through the stable free radical > NO mechanism.     

PDS用于不同温度下的近红外光谱模型传递研究

采用合适的计算方法可降低测定环境对近红外光谱校正模型稳健性的影响。该文以喷气燃料为研究对象,考察了分段直接校正算法对所建模型预测结果的影响,通过选择转移样品数及窗口宽度,建立了最佳的校正模型和光谱转移参数。结果表明,在20℃下建立近红外光谱校正模型,直接预测30℃下喷气燃料的密度,预测集样品均方根误差（RMSEP）为0.2031,而30℃近红外光谱采用分段直接校正算法模型转移后,预测集样品均方根误差（RMSEP）降低为0.1354,预测结果得到明显改善,有效地解决了样品温度对近红外光谱分析结果的影响。     

Preparation and Properties of One-Dimensional C60 Nano-Structure in a Zeolite FSM-16

Abstract

C₆₀ molecules were embedded in the pores of a zeolite FSM-16 by using a liquid phase method. The shift of photoluminescence spectra of C₆₀ solid embedded in FSM-16 was discussed using data of ESR, PDS and SAXS.     

基于APDL的钢板剪力墙可靠性研究

应用ANSYS中的APDL参数化语言对非加劲肋钢板剪力墙、十字加劲肋钢板剪力墙、斜加劲肋钢板剪力墙进行了建模及随机有限元可靠性分析。在随机有限元可靠性分析中,使用PDS模块,确定了钢板剪力墙的可靠度,并将结果生成可靠性分析报告。结果表明:相同强度地震力作用下的三种模型,可靠度从小到大依次为非加劲肋钢板剪力墙、十字加劲肋钢板剪力墙、斜加劲肋钢板剪力墙。三种模型中竖向压力对可靠度影响最大。     

基于硫酸根自由基的先进氧化活化方法及其在有机污染物降解上的应用

基于硫酸根自由基(SO₄^.-)的先进(高级)氧化法(AOPs)因其对新型有机污染物的高降解能力和高适应性而受到越来越多的关注。相比羟基自由基(·OH),SO₄^.-的选择性更好、还原电位更高、半衰期更长、pH范围更宽且成本更低,因而能更有效的降解污染物。SO₄^.-可由过一硫酸盐(PMS)或过二硫酸盐(PDS)等过硫酸盐(PS)通过热、机械化学、过渡金属、碳质材料、碱、紫外(UV)或电化学等方法活化产生。本文分析了不同活化方法的优缺点及其应用于有机污染物降解上的研究进展,总结了SO₄^.-降解含不同官能团污染物的三种机理(加成作用、夺氢作用和直接电子转移),并综述了SO₄^.-降解持久性有机污染物(POPs)、“伪持久性有机污染物”——药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)及有机染料三大类有机污染物的降解途径、降解产物及其研究进展,最后展望了该技术未来的研究方向。     

A Comparison of Cysteine-Conjugated Nitroxide Spin Labels for Pulse Dipolar EPR Spectroscopy

The structure-function and materials paradigms drive research on the understanding of structures and structural heterogeneity of molecules and solids from materials science to structural biology. Functional insights into complex architectures are often gained from a suite of complementary physicochemical methods. In the context of biomacromolecular structures, the use of pulse dipolar electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (PDS) has become increasingly popular. The main interest in PDS is providing long-range nanometre distance distributions that allow for identifying macromolecular topologies, validating structural models and conformational transitions as well as docking of quaternary complexes. Most commonly, cysteines are introduced into protein structures by site-directed mutagenesis and modified site-specifically to a spin-labelled side-chain such as a stable nitroxide radical. In this contribution, we investigate labelling by four different commercial labelling agents that react through different sulfur-specific reactions. Further, the distance distributions obtained are between spin-bearing moieties and need to be related to the protein structure via modelling approaches. Here, we compare two different approaches to modelling these distributions for all four side-chains. The results indicate that there are significant differences in the optimum labelling procedure. All four spin-labels show differences in the ease of labelling and purification. Further challenges arise from the different tether lengths and rotamers of spin-labelled side-chains; both influence the modelling and translation into structures. Our comparison indicates that the spin-label with the shortest tether in the spin-labelled side-group, (bis-(2,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-3-imidazoline-1-oxyl-4-yl) disulfide, may be underappreciated and could increase the resolution of structural studies by PDS if labelling conditions are optimised accordingly.