(Solid + liquid) metastable equilibria in quaternary system (Li2SO4 + K2SO4 + Li2B4O7 + K2B4O7 + H2O) at T = 288 K

Metastable equilibrium solubilities and properties such as densities, conductivity, pH, refractive index, and viscosity of the solution were determined experimentally. According to the experimental data, the metastable equilibrium phase diagram was plotted. In the phase diagram, there are three invariant points, seven univariant curves, five fields of crystallization: Li₂SO₄ · H₂O, K₂SO₄, Li₂B₄O₇ · 3H₂O, K₂B₄O₇ · 4H₂O, and K₂SO₄ · Li₂SO₄. The double salt K₂SO₄ · Li₂SO₄ was found in the quaternary system metastable equilibria. Lithium sulfate (Li₂SO₄) has the highest concentration and strong salting-out effects on other salts.Also, the relationship diagram between the properties and the ion concentration of solution was constructed. It can be seen from the relationship diagram that the equilibrium solution density values, viscosity values, and refractive index values are increased apparently with the rise of sulfate ion concentration, reaching the maximum values at eutonic point F3. Electrical conductivity values and pH values, however, fall down with the rise of ion concentration on the whole.     

Film analysis employing subtarget effect using 355 nm Nd-YAG laser-induced plasma at low pressure

The applicability of spectrochemical analysis for liquid and powder samples of minute amount in the form of thin film was investigated using ultraviolet Nd-YAG laser (355 nm) and low-pressure ambient air. A variety of organic samples such as commercial black ink usually used for stamp pad, ginseng extract, human blood, liquid milk and ginseng powder was prepared as film deposited on the surface of an appropriate hard substrate such as copper plate or glass slide. It was demonstrated that in all cases studied, good quality spectra were obtained with very low background and free from undesirable contamination by the substrate elements, featuring ppm or even sub-ppm sensitivity and worthy of application for quantitative analysis of organic samples. The proper preparation of the films was found to be crucial in achieving the high quality spectra. It was further shown that much inferior results were obtained when the atmospheric-pressure (101 kPa) operating condition of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy or the fundamental wavelength of the Nd-YAG laser was employed due to the excessive or improper laser ablation process.     

Optical soliton with damping and frequency chirping in fibre media

Nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation which governs the propagation of single field in the fibre medium with pulse chirping and gain (loss) is considered. The integrability condition of NLS equation is arrived from the linear eigenvalue problem and is studied by using the Painlevé singularity structure analysis. From the Lax pair, soliton solution is constructed by using the Darboux–Bäcklund transformation technique. From the results, we show that the soliton is alive, i.e., pulse area is conserved with the inclusion of damping and pulse chirping effects.     

Geant4 simulations for sedimentary grains in infinite matrix conditions: The case of alpha dosimetry

Simulations based on the Geant4 toolkit have been performed in order to reproduce the electromagnetic interactions of alpha particles in a spherical grain embedded in an infinite radioactive matrix and to assess several dosimetric parameters; updated alpha attenuation factors have thus been calculated for a clay matrix. Their sensitivity to the chemical composition of both the coating matrix and the grain, as well as to the water content of the matrix, has also been investigated. Finally, differences between the energetic spectrum of the incident alpha particles and the deposited energy spectrum in the grain have been highlighted for fine and coarse grains, and their impact in terms of alpha dosimetry has been discussed.     

Existence of quantum soliton forφ 6-like field theories in 1 + 1 dimensions

We reexamine the recent claim that the soliton of the 1 + 1 dimensional field theories does not survive quantum corrections if the adjacent minima of the potential do not have same curvature and show that it is in fact possible to choose counter terms such that the quantum correction to the soliton mass is finite.     

Synthesis and intramolecular magnetic interaction of triphenylamine derivatives with nitronyl nitroxide radicals

Two triphenylamine derivatives bearing nitronyl nitroxide radicals, tris[4-(1-oxyl-3-oxide-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolin-2-yl)phenyl]amine (1) and N,N-bis[4-(1-oxyl-3-oxide-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolin-2-yl)phenyl]-4-methoxyphenylamine (2) were synthesized. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements showed the weak antiferromagnetic interactions in the powder samples of 1 and 2. The electrochemical and ESR measurements revealed that the first oxidation process of 1 and 2 corresponds to the oxidation of nitronyl nitroxide moieties.     

Simultaneous electrodeposition behavior of dysprosium and terbium in 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid

The simultaneous electrodeposition of dysprosium and terbium on platinum electrode in 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIMBF₄) ionic liquid was investigated. The cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and constant electrolysis experiments have been employed to examine the electrochemistry of dysprosium and terbium ions in 0.01 mol/L DyCl₃-0.023 mol/L TbCl₃-0.27 mol/L LiCl-EMIMBF₄ ionic liquid. The electrochemistry experiments indicated that the reduction of dysprosium and terbium ions in 0.01 mol/L DyCl₃-0.023 mol/L TbCl₃-0.27 mol/L LiCl-EMIMBF₄ ionic liquid was an irreversible process and simultaneous process. In 0.01 mol/L DyCl₃-0.023 mol/L TbCl₃-0.27 mol/L LiCl-EMIMBF₄ ionic liquid the diffusion coefficient of the diffusion process of species which controlled the total electrochemical reduction process have been determined to be (3.79–7.07) × 10⁻⁶ cm²/s from cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry results. XRD spectrum of constant electrolysis samples showed that dysprosium and terbium deposits were obtained.