The Table of Standard Atomic Weights—An exercise in consensus

The present Table of Standard Atomic Weights (TSAW) of the elements is perhaps one of the most familiar data sets in science. Unlike most parameters in physical science whose values and uncertainties are evaluated using the “Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement” (GUM), the majority of standard atomic-weight values and their uncertainties are consensus values, not GUM-evaluated values. The Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) regularly evaluates the literature for new isotopic-abundance measurements that can lead to revised standard atomic-weight values, A_r°(E) for element E. The Commission strives to provide utmost clarity in products it disseminates, namely the TSAW and the Table of Isotopic Compositions of the Elements (TICE). In 2016, the Commission recognized that a guideline recommending the expression of uncertainty listed in parentheses following the standard atomic-weight value, for example, A_r°(Se) = 78.971(8), did not agree with the GUM, which suggests that this parenthetic notation be reserved to express standard uncertainty, not the expanded uncertainty used in the TSAW and TICE. In 2017, to eliminate this noncompliance with the GUM, a new format was adopted in which the uncertainty value is specified by the “±” symbol, for example, A_r°(Se) = 78.971 ± 0.008. To clarify the definition of uncertainty, a new footnote has been added to the TSAW. This footnote emphasizes that an atomic-weight uncertainty is a consensus (decisional) uncertainty. Not only has the Commission shielded users of the TSAW and TICE from unreliable measurements that appear in the literature as a result of unduly small uncertainties, but the aim of IUPAC has been fulfilled by which any scientist, taking any natural sample from commerce or research, can expect the sample atomic weight to lie within A_r°(E) ± its uncertainty almost all of the time.     

江西朱溪钨矿床矽卡岩矿物热红外光谱学特征研究

朱溪钨矿床白钨矿化与矽卡岩化密切相关,白钨矿多与石榴子石、透辉石等矽卡岩矿物一起产出。该研究对朱溪典型矽卡岩矿物如石榴子石、透辉石、符山石、硅灰石、阳起石等进行显微红外光谱测量和电子探针分析,探究朱溪矽卡岩矿物的热红外光谱特征及其对成矿的指示意义,并建立朱溪地区的矽卡岩矿物热红外光谱库。结果表明,朱溪钨矿床石榴子石主要为钙铝—钙铁榴石系列,在800和920 cm^-1附近存在一大一小两个吸收峰,在880 cm^-1附近存在特征吸收谷;当石榴子石成分中钙铝榴石含量大于50%时,石榴子石特征吸收谷位于880～900 cm^-1,当钙铝榴石含量小于50%时,石榴子石吸收谷位于865～875 cm^-1。随着Al₂O₃含量增加,其特征吸收谷向高波数方向移动,钙铝榴石偏向高波数,钙铁榴石偏向低波数;辉石主要为透辉石—钙铁辉石系列,在850～950 cm^-1波数范围内存在诊断式、呈阶梯状降低的吸收峰,且在1 050 cm^-1处存在吸...     

Curcumin as a colorimetric and fluorescent chemosensor for selective recognition of fluoride ion

The binding properties of curcumin with anions in acetonitrile were examined for the first time by UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. The results showed that curcumin highly and selectively responded to F⁻ over other anions such as AcO⁻, H₂PO₄⁻ and Cl⁻ because of anionic complex formation via hydrogen bond. Curcumin gave rise to the red-shift of absorption spectra and its fluorescence was quenched with concomitant color change from yellow to purple upon addition of F⁻, which was detected by naked eyes. The addition of other anions such as AcO⁻, H₂PO₄⁻, HSO₄⁻, NO₃⁻, Cl⁻ and Br⁻ did not result in observable spectral change and solution color change. The binding constant between curcumin and F⁻ was 2.0×10⁵ mol⁻¹ L and the recognizing mechanism was investigated as well.     

紫外分光光度法间接测定果冻中甜蜜素

提出了紫外分光光度法间接测定食品中甜蜜素的方法。考察了酸性介质的种类,亚硝酸钠与碘化钾浓度、用量及反应时间对测定的影响。在优化的试验条件下,甜蜜素在1.0～14.0mg·mL-1范围内遵守比耳定律,检出限(3S/N)为0.3mg·mL-1。用此方法测定果冻中甜蜜素含量,加标回收率为102.6%～103.3%,相对标准偏差(n=5)为0.7%～1.3%。     

Why Y bxLu1−xAl3 and Y bxY 1−xInCu4 have quite opposite concentration dependence of the Vickers microhardness

We report on the results of the Vickers microhardness measurements of the Y b_xLu_1?xAl₃ alloy system. It is shown that the Mott–Nabarro theory is not able to explain the concentration dependence of the measured microhardness, as is possible in some similar Kondo alloy systems containing Ce and U. Interestingly enough, while microhardness increases with the Yb content in Y b_xLu_1?xAl₃, it decreases with Yb in the Y b_xY _1?xInCu₄ alloy system. Therefore, we try to explain the experimental data, taking into account the difference of the electronic structure and the change of the electronic structure with alloying in both systems.     

改进的有自由面非稳定渗流分析复合单元渗透矩阵调整法

应用连续的罚函数,提出了一种改进的自由面边界条件渗流分析复合单元渗透矩阵调整法,优化了此类算法的稳定性,提高了收敛速度和精度,并将此改进算法编制成相应的有限元分析程序,应用于上海地铁4号线董家渡隧道修复基坑降水工程的优化设计,解决了基坑降水过程中复杂三维渗流场的高效精细模拟问题,同时预测了基坑中心水位降至地面以下40 m,位于承压含水层顶面以下,基坑内外自由面落差很大时基坑周边渗流场以及地面沉降的分布特征.     

Quadrupole Splitting Distributions in Grandidierite and Kornerupine from Antarctica

The Mössbauer spectra of grandidierite and kornerupine at 298 and 90 K were measured. The quadrupole splitting distributions from the Mössbauer spectra were obtained by using the Voigt-based method, and the assignments for QSDs in the Mössbauer spectra of both minerals are presented. Site occupancies of iron in the crystal structures of two minerals were determined, and the chemical formulas of grandidierite and kornerupine were rewritten based on the relative absorption areas and Mössbauer fraction f for Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺.     

Recurrence and symmetry of time series: Application to transition detection

The study of transitions in low dimensional, nonlinear dynamical systems is a complex problem for which there is not yet a simple, global numerical method able to detect chaos–chaos, chaos–periodic bifurcations and symmetry-breaking, symmetry-increasing bifurcations. We present here for the first time a general framework focusing on the symmetry concept of time series that at the same time reveals new kinds of recurrence. We propose several numerical tools based on the symmetry concept allowing both the qualification and quantification of different kinds of possible symmetry. By using several examples based on periodic symmetrical time series and on logistic and cubic maps, we show that it is possible with simple numerical tools to detect a large number of bifurcations of chaos–chaos, chaos–periodic, broken symmetry and increased symmetry types.     

拉曼面扫描无损鉴定矿物包裹体：以彩虹方柱石中的磁铁矿包裹体为例

如何利用拉曼光谱对矿物中的微小包裹体进行无损鉴定，是矿物学与宝石学研究中经常遇到的问题。彩虹方柱石是一种含有特殊包裹体的方柱石，其包裹体在反射光下呈现虹彩效应。本文利用超景深显微镜、电子探针、显微激光拉曼光谱、X射线粉晶衍射分析，特别是创新性运用拉曼光谱面扫描填图技术对彩虹方柱石中微小的磁铁矿包裹体进行了无损鉴定研究。显微特征显示，彩虹方柱石的包裹体可能和固溶体出溶有关，微小包裹体平行排列，形成了类似反射型衍射光栅的结构，导致其在反射光下出现彩虹色。根据电子探针测试结果，彩虹方柱石端元组分为Ma_68.2-69.7Me_30.3-31.8，属针柱石亚族。根据拉曼光谱测试结果，部分包裹体出现了位于661 cm-1处的弱拉曼峰。由于图谱信噪比普遍偏低且该峰并不会在所有测试位置出现，所以容易被忽略。为进一步探究该峰的来源，对包裹体部位进行拉曼面扫描，并选择630～680 cm-1范围的拉曼峰进行了相关性分析，确认了包裹体位置普遍存在位于661 cm-1处的弱拉曼峰。该拉曼峰可归属为磁铁矿的A_1g振动峰，从而确认了产生虹彩效应的针状包裹体中包含有更微小的磁铁矿包裹体。XRD测试结果表明，包裹体较多的样品存在位于2.51 Å处的磁铁矿（311）晶面衍射峰，进一步验证了拉曼光谱面扫描的结果。根据上述实验，拉曼面扫描技术或许可以成为鉴定矿物宝石中微小包裹体的有效辅助性手段。该研究创新性提出，如果矿物包裹体的拉曼信号很弱，可以将拉曼面扫描结果与包裹体的分布特征结合分析来判断该信号的有效性。同时为无损鉴定矿物中的包裹体提供了一种新的研究思路与方法。