Experimental investigation and modeling of the tension behavior of polycarbonate with temperature effects from low to high strain rates

The effects of strain rate and temperature on the tension stress–strain responses of polycarbonate are experimentally investigated over a wide range of strain rates (0.001–1700 s⁻¹) and temperatures (0–120 °C). A modified split Hopkinson tension bar is used for high-rate uniaxial tension tests. Experimental results indicate that the stress–strain responses of polycarbonate at high strain rates exhibit the nonlinear characteristics including the obvious yielding and strain softening. The tension behavior is strongly dependent on the strain rate and temperature. The values of yield stress and strain at yield present a dramatic increase at higher strain rates and decrease with the increase in temperature. Moreover, there exists a significant rate-sensitivity transition in the polycarbonate tension yield behavior. Based on the experimental investigation, a physically based three-dimensional elastoplastic constitutive model for the finite deformation of glassy polymers is used to characterize the rate-temperature dependent yield and post-yield behavior of polycarbonate when subjected to tension loading. The model results are shown close to the experimental data within the investigated strain-rate and temperature ranges.     

On the local nature of the strain field calculation method for measuring heterogeneous deformation of cellular materials

A strain field calculation method based on the optimal local deformation gradient technique has been developed to calculate the ‘local’ strain tensor of cellular materials using cell-based finite element models. The local nature and accuracy of this method may be strongly dependent on the cut-off radius, which is introduced to collect the effective nodes for determining the optimal local deformation gradient of a node. Two different schemes are first analyzed to determine the suitable cut-off radius by characterizing the heterogeneous deformation of Voronoi honeycombs under uniaxial compression and we suggest that in Scheme 1, the cut-off radius defined based on the reference configuration is about 1.5 times the average cell radius; in Scheme 2, the cut-off radius defined based on the current configuration is about 0.5 times the average cell radius. Then, Scheme 3, a combined scheme of the two former schemes, is further suggested. It is demonstrated that the optimal cut-off radius in Scheme 3 characterizes the local strain reasonable well whether the compression rate is low or high. Finally, the strain field calculation method with the optimal cut-off radius is applied to reveal the evolution of the heterogeneous deformation of two different configurations of double-layer cellular cladding under a linear decaying blast load. The 2D fields and the 1D distributions of local engineering strain are calculated. These results interpret the shock wave propagation mechanisms in both claddings and provide useful understanding in the design of a double-layer cellular cladding.     

高温下轻质泡沫铝动态力学性能实验

对传统的分离式Hopkinson压杆装置加以改进,设计了一种长杆直接撞击Hopkinson杆的实验方案,检测出低波阻抗材料在高温动态加载下的应力均匀性。对轻质泡沫铝材料的实验表明,在同一撞击速度下,温度越高,试件两端的应力均匀性越差,增加温度与提高撞击速度均会导致泡沫铝材料冲击端与支撑端的应力不均匀性。根据高温下应力均匀性的实验结果,确定高温下试件均匀变形对应的冲击速度,再通过传统的分离式Hopkinson压杆实验得出泡沫铝在高温动态下的力学性能。     

TiNi合金圆薄板的横向冲击特性实验

利用改装的霍普金森压杆装置对周边固支伪弹性TiNi合金圆薄板进行了冲击实验,初步得到了该结构在时空2个尺度上的动态力学响应的演变发展现象和规律,包括板中弯曲波的传播、相变区的演化和全场的离面位移等,并和A3钢做了对比。结果表明,由于圆板的二维扩散效应,冲击过程中仅在TiNi板中心很小区域(约5 mm)内形成相变区和相变铰,卸载后相变铰消失,钢试件则留下明显的残余变形。TiNi合金圆板的冲击特性受热弹性马氏体相变和逆相变的支配,不同于传统的弹塑性机制。     

闭孔泡沫金属变形模式的有限元分析

运用有限元软件ABAQUS/Explicit模拟了三维Voronoi闭孔泡沫金属在不同的冲击速度下的变形行为。随着冲击速度的提高,得到了3种变形模式:准静态均匀模式、过渡模式和冲击模式,并以相对密度和冲击速度为坐标建立了变形模式图。引入应力均匀性指标和变形局部化指标,确定了模式转化的临界速度,并与已有的冲击速度预测公式进行了比较。根据临界速度的数值和理论结果,提出了一种确定锁定应变的方案,结果介于压实应变和完全密实应变之间。     

用正弦波加载和超声实验研究饱和砂岩弛豫特征和衰减峰

采用Metravib分析仪在-50℃~100℃温度条件及300~400Hz的正弦波作用下进行泵油饱和砂岩应力应变实验,获得了虚模量温度峰与对应实模量的剧烈亏损规律,显示出饱和砂岩有别于由衰减峰引起的典型粘弹性行为。利用超声法对饱和大理岩与花岗岩样品进行波速和衰减特性测试,获得了大理岩的Biot衰减峰变化规律。该研究对岩石物理理论模型的发展具有重要意义,可以利用岩层的衰减和波速频散特性进行油气藏的预测,降低勘探风险。     

Normal forces of magnetorheological fluids under oscillatory shear

The normal forces of magnetorheological fluids under oscillatory shear are investigated by a commercial magneto-rheometer with plate-plate geometry. At the constant strain amplitude and frequency, the normal forces almost keep a steady value with the testing time if the strain amplitude is smaller than the critical value. When a larger strain is applied, they will fluctuate periodically. Under the strain sweep mode, the relationships between normal forces and strain amplitude can be divided into three regions: linear viscoelastic region, nonlinear viscoelastic region and the viscoplastic region. Under the frequency sweep method, it is found that the angular frequency show little influence on the normal forces. At last, the normal forces increase with increasing of the temperature under a low magnetic field, while they decrease under a high magnetic field.     

An Experimental Technique for Spalling of Concrete

The spalling strength of concrete is measured by examining the strain wave profiles in a polymer buffer bar behind the slender concrete bar specimen placed between a large diameter (Φ100 mm) Hopkinson bar and the buffer bar. The experimental results indicate that the spalling strength is related to not only the compressive strength of concrete but also the impact velocities (the loading rates). The rate effect of spalling strength mainly results from the different cracking paths in concrete under different impact velocities. However when the input compressive stress to specimen exceeds the threshold required to trigger the compressive damage, the spalling strength decreases due to the evolution and cumulation of compressive damage in concretes. The repeated impact loading experiments indicate that damage plays an important role in the spallation process of concrete. The high speed video of the spalling fracture process shows that multiple spalling fractures may occur in the scab and damage accumulation resulting from stress wave propagation in scab is the main reason for the producing of multiple spallations.     

多个磁流变弹性体自调谐式吸振器的联合控制研究

遗传算法是一种自适应、启发式、全局优化的搜索算法,在结构振动控制等复杂控制领域得到了广泛的应用,本文针对磁流变弹性体自调谐式吸振器难以建立准确的控制模型的特点,通过改进基本遗传算法,设计和实现了一种同时控制多个吸振器的联合控制算法,该方法在协调控制时,根据多个吸振器协调控制对控制量的要求采用指定位交叉产生新个体,与通过随机位交叉产生的新个体相比,这样能以较大的概率产生更健壮的新个体,从而使算法更快收敛.将该算法应用到两个吸振器联合控制的实验系统中,在吸振器移频范围内,被减振系统各观测点均有较好的减振效果,当吸振器与主系统质量比为1∶19.8时,减振效果最高约12dB,主被动减振效果之差最佳时达7dB.     

Effect of Cyclic Deformation on Magnetorheological Elastomers

Fatigue properties of magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) samples were investigated based on cis-polybutadiene rubber by using a fatigue test machine. Three MRE samples with iron particles mass fraction of 60%, 70%, and 80% were fabricated, and their properties dependence of three strain amplitudes (50%, 75%, and 100%) were measured. The absolute magnetorheological (MR) effect, storage modulus, and loss modulus of MRE samples after fatigue were evaluated by a modified dynamic mechanical analyzer. The results revealed that MR effect, storage modulus, and loss modulus of MREs containing 80% iron particles depended strongly on the strain amplitudes and the number of cycles, while storage mod-ulus and loss modulus of MREs containing 70% iron particles also depended on the strain amplitudes and the number of cycles but not as strongly as sample which contains 80% iron particles, but the properties of MREs containing 60% iron particles after cyclic deforma-tion were almost independent of the fatigued conditions. In order to investigate the fatigue mechanism of MREs, the sample was carried out with a quasi-static tensile testing and its surface morphology during testing was observed in situ by scanning electron microscopy.