Importance of the heavier singlet neutrinos in leptogenesis

We argue that fast interactions of the lightest singlet neutrino N1 would project part of a preexisting lepton asymmetry L{p} onto a direction that is protected from N1 washout effects, thus preventing it from being erased. In particular, we consider an asymmetry generated in N2 decays, assuming that N1 interactions are fast enough to bring N1 into full thermal equilibrium. If N1 decays occur at T > or = 10{9} GeV, that is, before the muon Yukawa interactions enter into thermal equilibrium, then generically part of L{p} survives. In this case some of the constraints implied by the standard N1 leptogenesis scenario hold only if L{p} approximately 0. For T < or = 10{9} GeV, L{p} is generally erased, unless special alignment or orthogonality conditions in flavor space are realized.     

Asymmetric Fano resonance and bistability in a two-ring resonator optical switch with high extinction ratio and low switching threshold

We propose a two-ring resonator configuration that can provide optical switching with both high extinction ratio (ER) and low switching threshold. The achievable input threshold is n ₂I_IN ~ 10^?5 or smaller, which is one order lower than that of the conventional one-ring configuration, while maintaining an ER of at least 10dB over a 10-GHz (0.1 nm) optical bandwidth. This performance is enabled by using an asymmetric Fano resonance as opposed to the usual symmetric resonance. The low switching threshold and the high ER are related to the sharpness and the asymmetricity of the Fano resonance, respectively.     

Strategies for Evaluating Boundary Fractal Dimensions by computer aided image analysis

For many profiles the values of the boundary fractals deduced by different exploration techniques are identical but the presence of deep fissures of convoluted structure can perturb the information gathered by the exploration technique. Data for different boundaries generated by different exploration techniques are used to illustrate the physical significance of the deduced fractal dimensions as evaluated using the different techniques. Heuristic programs for teaching an automated instrument to distinguish between different regions of ruggedness around a profile and to prevent “fractal rabbits” from appearing in the data are outlined. It is shown how the logic for removing fractal rabbits from the experimental data will also generate data on the presence of sharp edges on the profile. The possible occurrence of pseudo-texture fractal dimensions from projection occlusion is discussed.     

Raman Microspectroscopic Evidence for the Metabolism of a Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor,Neratinib, in Cancer Cells

Tyrosine kinase receptors are one of the main targets in cancer therapy. They play an essential role in the modulation of growth factor signaling and thereby inducing cell proliferation and growth. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as neratinib bind to EGFR and HER2 receptors and exhibit antitumor activity. However, little is known about their detailed cellular uptake and metabolism. Here, we report for the first time the intracellular spatial distribution and metabolism of neratinib in different cancer cells using label‐free Raman imaging. Two new neratinib metabolites were detected and fluorescence imaging of the same cells indicate that neratinib accumulates in lysosomes. The results also suggest that both EGFR and HER2 follow the classical endosome lysosomal pathway for degradation. A combination of Raman microscopy, DFT calculations, and LC‐MS was used to identify the chemical structure of neratinib metabolites. These results show the potential of Raman microscopy to study drug pharmacokinetics.     

Linear differential operators related to the Jacobian Conjecture have a closed image

The main result of this work is the following theorem: LetP,QɛC[x, y] satisfy the Jacobian identity

Drop-on-demand 3D-printed silicon-based anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - We present the application of drop-on-demand (DoD) dispensing technology for printing of silicon-based anodes. We show that the DoD printing technique is...     

Network approaches to climate science

<正>Climate and physics are closely related.The governing equations for both the atmosphere and ocean are the Navier-Stokes equations,which describe and quantify the physics of fluids.However,the atmosphere and ocean are very complex due to the interaction of many processes,not necessarily physical,and due to the need to model processes that are smaller than the grid resolution.In spite of this complexity,physicists have successfully addressed a wide swath of it using advanced statistical physics methods and techniques.Climate