Synthesis, X-ray diffraction study, and ionic conductivity of new AB2O6 pyrochlores

The oxides A(Ti_0.5Te_1.5)O₆ (A = K, Rb, Cs, Tl), A(Ti_0.5W_1.5)O₆ (A = Rb, Cs, Tl), and Cs(B_0.5W_1.5)O₆ (B = Zr, Hf) have been obtained as polycrystalline powders giving X-ray diffraction patterns characteristic of defect cubic pyrochlores, space group (No. 227), Z = 8. The best discrepancy R factors, from 0.0265 for Rb(Ti_0.5Te_1.5)O₆ to 0.0554 for Cs(Zr_0.5W_1.5)O₆, were obtained for the B cations randomly distributed at 16(d), A ions at one quarter of 32(e), and oxygen atoms at 48(f) positions. A linear relationship is observed between the a unit cell parameters and the ionic radii of the A cations, as well as the average ionic radii of the B atoms. The results of electrical resistivity measurements for A(Ti_0.5Te_1.5)O₆ (A = K, Rb, Cs, Tl) are given.     

Reaction of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene-1 with bromoform and methylene bromide

The radical telomerization of 3,3,3-trifluoropropene with bromoform and methylens bromide has been studied. The nature of the products with bromoform depends substantially on the method of initiation. In the presence of Fe(CO)₅ + DMF, telomers of CHBr₂(CH₅₂CHCF₃)_nBr are formed, while with initiation with benzoyl peroxide other compounds are also formed that contain two, three, or four bromine atoms per molecule. To elucidate the formation of these products a reaction scheme is proposed that involves rearrangement of CHBr₂CH₂CH(CF₃)CH₃CHCF₃ radicals to CBr₂CH₂CH(CF₃)CH₂CH₂CF₃ radicals.Deceased.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2558–2562, November, 1989.     

Determination of trace elements in Brazilian rice grains and in biological reference materials by neutron activation analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis was applied to the determination of the elements Na, K, Br, As, Rb, Zn, Co, Fe and Sc in Brazilian rice samples and in biological standards. Hg and Se concentrations were determined by using a simple radiochemical separation. The chemical procedure was carried out by means of distillation of Hg and Se in HBr medium and subsequent precipitation of selenium by sodium metabisulfite and mercury by thioacetamide. The accuracy of the instrumental and radiochemical methods was evaluated by means of analysis of the Reference Materials NBS-Bovine Liver, Bowen's Kale and NBS-Rice Flour.     

Combined supercritical-fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry in the analysis of diuron in plasma using on-line phase-system switching

On-line sample pretreatment by means of the phase-system switching approach is an interesting technique for the analysis of aqueous samples, e.g., plasma, by means of supercritical-fluid chromatography. In order to analyse plasma samples the following analytical procedure is used. The plasma sample is injected on to a short precolumn, which is washed with water and subsequently dried with nitrogen. Next, the solutes are desorbed with the supercritical mobile phase, analysed with packed-column supercritical-fluid chromatography and detected with either a UV detector or a mass spectrometer, equipped with a moving-belt interface. The herbicide diuron is selected as a test compound to study the feasibility of this approach. Using a selective detector the procedure is sufficiently sensitive to detect diuron in plasma, but not appropriate to detect the diuron metabolites in a post-mortem plasma sample. These have been identified with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The detection limit of diuron in plasma using the procedure described is about 30 ng/mL.     

Photonic switches and switch arrays on LiNbO3

In recent years there has been tremendous progress in lithium niobate-based photonic switches. The various switch configurations proposed and implemented, and their characteristics, are reviewed. A summary of the device technology is given. Performance analysis based on different architecture and the size of arrays that can be relalized are discussed.Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India     

Spectral features of laser induced plasma from YBa2Cu3O7 and GdBa2Cu3O7 highT c superconductors

Laser induced plasma emission spectra from highT _c superconducting samples of YBa₂Cu₃O₇ and GdBa₂Cu₃O₇ obtained with 1.06μm radiation from a Q switched Nd:YAG laser beam has been analysed. The results clearly show the presence of diatomic oxides in addition to ionized species of the constituent metals in the plasma thus produced.     

Diffraction of random light emission in a monochromatic sound wave field in an anisotropic disperising medium

Institute of Automated Control Systems and Radioelectronics, Tomsk. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 32, No. 1, pp. 94–105, January, 1989.     

An interpretation of cortical maps in echolocating bats

Target parameters such as reflectivity, range, velocity, and angular position are represented by ordered maps of tuned cortical neurons in insectivorous bats. It is suggested that the response of each neuron in such a map is determined by a hypothesis test conditioned on a particular value of the mapped parameter. The excitation of each neuron is then interpreted as a sample value of a conditional log-likelihood ratio or a log-likelihood function. Interpolation between the samples, which is needed to find the parameter that maximizes the mapped function (e.g., the maximum likelihood parameter estimate), can be accomplished with overlapped tuning curves. An attempt to portray a sharp peak by a weighted sum of relatively broad neuronal tuning curves or interpolation functions results in excitatory center/inhibitory surround behavior. Facilitation or antifacilitation of neurons that are likely to be excited by succeeding observations can be used for sequential detection and tracking. Interpolation and pulse-to-pulse data storage capability are required to explain range jitter sensitivity and to allow for moving target indication in bat sonar. If a cortical map represents an ordered array of hypothesis tests, then many such tests are implemented in parallel when target parameters are unknown. Detection performance is then degraded relative to the idealized situation in which all parameters are specified. Performance in noise may thus appear to be much worse than that of an ideal detector, even if each hypothesis test is optimally implemented.