Four related benzazepine derivatives in a reaction pathway leading to a benzazepine carboxylic acid: hydrogen‐bonded assembly in zero,one, two and three dimensions

(2R*,4S*)‐Methyl 2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1,4‐epoxy‐1H‐benz[b]azepine‐2‐carboxylate, C₁₂H₁₃NO₃, (I), and its reduction product (2R*,4S*)‐methyl 4‐hydroxy‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐benz[b]azepine‐2‐carboxylate, C₁₂H₁₅NO₃, (II), both crystallize as single enantiomers in the space group P2₁2₁2₁, while the hydrolysis product (2RS,4SR)‐4‐hydroxy‐2,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐benz[b]azepine‐2‐carboxylic acid, C₁₁H₁₃NO₃, (III), and the lactone (2RS,5SR)‐8‐(trifluoromethoxy)‐5,6‐dihydro‐1H‐2,5‐methanobenz[e][1,4]oxazocin‐3(2H)‐one, C₁₂H₁₀F₃NO₃, (IV), both crystallize as racemic mixtures in the space group P2₁/c. The molecules of compound (IV) are linked into centrosymmetric R₂²(10) dimers by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, and those of compound (I) are linked into chains by C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bonds. A combination of O—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds links the molecules of compound (III) into sheets containing equal numbers of R₄⁴(14) and R₄⁴(26) rings, and a combination of C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bonds and three‐centre O—H...(N,O) hydrogen bonds links the molecules of compound (II) into a three‐dimensional framework structure. Comparisons are made with some related compounds.     

High-Reynolds-number effects on turbulent scalings in compressible channel flow

The effect of the Reynolds number in a supersonic isothermal channel flow is studied using a direct numerical simulation (DNS). The bulk Mach number based on the wall temperature is 1.5, and the bulk Reynolds number is increased up to Re_τ ≈︁ 1000. The use of van Driest velocity transformation in the presence of heated walls has been questioned due to the poor accuracy at low Reynolds number. For this reason alternative transformations of the velocity profile and turbulence statistics have been proposed, as, for instance, semi-local scalings. We show that the van Driest transformation recovers its accuracy as the Reynolds number is increased. The Reynolds stresses collapse on the incompressible ones, when properly scaled with density, and very good agreement with the incompressible stresses is found in the outer layer. (© 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Crosslinked Hyaluronic Acid with Liposomes and Crocin Confers Cytoprotection in an Experimental Model of Dry Eye

Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial condition caused by tear deficiency and accompanied by ocular surface damage. Recent data support a key role of oxidative and inflammatory processes in the pathogenesis of DED. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is widely used in artificial tears to treat DED by improving ocular hydration and reducing surface friction. Crocin (Cr), the main constituent of saffron, is a renowned compound that exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The present study was undertaken to assess the viscosity and muco-adhesiveness of a photoactivated formulation with crosslinked HA (cHA), Cr, and liposomes (cHA-Cr-L). Our aim was also to evaluate whether cHA-Cr-L may exert cytoprotective effects against oxidative and inflammatory processes in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Viscosity was measured using a rotational rheometer, and then the muco-adhesiveness was evaluated. Under hyperosmolarity (450 mOsm), the HCECs were treated with cHA-Cr-L. Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were quantified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using the DCF assay. The combined action of cHA-Cr-L produced a higher viscosity and muco-adhesiveness compared to the control. The anti-inflammatory effect of cHA-Cr-L was achieved through a significant reduction of IL-1β and TNFα (p < 0.001). The results also showed that cHA-Cr-L reduces ROS production under conditions of hyperosmolarity (p < 0.001). We conclude that cHA-Cr-L has potential as a therapeutic agent in DED, which should be further investigated.     

Generalized limits for single-parameter quantum estimation

We develop generalized bounds for quantum single-parameter estimation problems for which the coupling to the parameter is described by intrinsic multisystem interactions. For a Hamiltonian with k-system parameter-sensitive terms, the quantum limit scales as 1/Nk, where N is the number of systems. These quantum limits remain valid when the Hamiltonian is augmented by any parameter-independent interaction among the systems and when adaptive measurements via parameter-independent coupling to ancillas are allowed.     

Subcentimeter depth resolution using a single-photon counting time-of-flight laser ranging system at 1550 nm wavelength

We demonstrate subcentimeter depth profiling at a stand off distance of 330 m using a time-of-flight approach based on time-correlated single-photon counting. For the first time to our knowledge, the photon-counting time-of-flight technique was demonstrated at a wavelength of 1550 nm using a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector. The performance achieved suggests that a system using superconducting detectors has the potential for low-light-level and eye-safe operation. The system's instrumental response was 70 ps full width at half-maximum, which meant that 1 cm surface-to-surface resolution could be achieved by locating the centroids of each return signal. A depth resolution of 4 mm was achieved by employing an optimized signal-processing algorithm based on a reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo method.     

A survey of electrokinetically-driven microfluidics for cancer cells manipulation

Cancer is one of the leading causes of annual deaths worldwide, accounting for nearly 10 million deaths each year. Metastasis, the process by which cancer spreads across the patient's body, is the main cause of death in cancer patients. Because the rising trend observed in statistics of new cancer cases and cancer-related deaths does not allow for an optimistic viewpoint on the future—in relation to this terrible disease—the scientific community has sought methods to enable early detection of cancer and prevent the apparition of metastatic tumors. One such method is known as liquid biopsy, wherein a sample is taken from a bodily fluid and analyzed for the presence of CTCs or other cancer biomarkers (e.g., growth factors). With this objective, interest is growing by year in electrokinetically-driven microfluidics applied for the concentration, capture, filtration, transportation, and characterization of CTCs. Electrokinetic techniques—electrophoresis, dielectrophoresis, electrorotation, and electrothermal and EOF—have great potential for miniaturization and integration with electronic instrumentation for the development of point-of-care devices, which can become a tool for early cancer diagnostics and for the design of personalized therapeutics. In this contribution, we review the state of the art of electrokinetically-driven microfluidics for cancer cells manipulation.     

Characterization and adsorption capacity of Brazilian kaolin

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - This study has evaluated chemical, radiological composition and determined the cation exchange capacity (CEC) for three commercially available...     

Growth and Atomic-Scale Characterization of Ultrathin Silica and Germania Films: The Crucial Role of the Metal Support

The present review reports on the preparation and atomic-scale characterization of the thinnest possible films of the glass-forming materials silica and germania. To this end state-of-the-art surface science techniques, in particular scanning probe microscopy, and density functional theory calculations have been employed. The investigated films range from monolayer to bilayer coverage where both, the crystalline and the amorphous films, contain characteristic XO₄ (X=Si,Ge) building blocks. A side-by-side comparison of silica and germania monolayer, zigzag phase and bilayer films supported on Mo(112), Ru(0001), Pt(111), and Au(111) leads to a more general comprehension of the network structure of glass former materials. This allows us to understand the crucial role of the metal support for the pathway from crystalline to amorphous ultrathin film growth.     

Analysis of the Lipidome of Xenografts Using MALDI-IMS and UHPLC-ESI-QTOF

Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are a very popular model to study the development of cancer and to test new drug candidates. Among the parameters analyzed are the variations in the lipid composition, as they are good indicators of changes in the cellular metabolism. Here, we present a study on the distribution of lipids in xenografts of NCI-H1975 human lung cancer cells, using MALDI imaging mass spectrometry and UHPLC-ESI-QTOF. The identification of lipids directly from the tissue by MALDI was aided by the comparison with identification using ESI ionization in lipid extracts from the same xenografts. Lipids belonging to PCs, PIs, SMs, DAG, TAG, PS, PA, and PG classes were identified and their distribution over the xenograft was determined. Three areas were identified in the xenograft, corresponding to cells in different metabolic stages and to a layer of adipose tissue that covers the xenograft.

Turning Tryptophanase into Odor‐Generating Biosensors

An odor‐based sensor system that exploits the metabolic enzyme tryptophanase (TPase) as the key component is reported. This enzyme is able to convert an odorless substrate like S‐methyl‐L ‐cysteine or L ‐tryptophan into the odorous products methyl mercaptan or indole. To make a biosensor, TPase was biotinylated so that it could be coupled with a molecular recognition element, such as an antibody, to develop an ELISA‐like assay. This method was used for the detection of an antibody present in nM concentrations by the human nose. TPase can also be combined with the enzyme pyridoxal kinase (PKase) for use in a coupled assay to detect adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP). When ATP is present in the low μM concentration range, the coupled enzymatic system generates an odor that is easily detectable by the human nose. Biotinylated TPase can be combined with various biotin‐labeled molecular recognition elements, thereby enabling a broad range of applications for this odor‐based reporting system.