Synthesis of novel block copolymers through electron transfer system by smi2

This paper summarizes our recent efforts to offer block copolymers through the transformation reactions of a cationic growing center into an anionic one by the utilization of divalent samarium complexes. Four types of transformation reactions are described, and their scope and limitations are discussed. Several applications of these transformation reactions are also presented.     

Isomorphisms of Galois groups of number fields with restricted ramification

Let K be a number field and S a set of primes of K. We write $K_S/K$ for the maximal extension of K unramified outside S and $G_{K,S}$ for its Galois group. In this paper, we answer the following question under some assumptions: “For $i=1,2$, let $K_i$ be a number field, $S_i$ a (sufficiently large) set of primes of $K_i$ and $\sigma :G_{K_1,S_1}\stackrel{\sim }{\to }{G}_{K_2,S_2}$ an isomorphism. Is σ induced by a unique isomorphism between $K_{1,S_1}/K_1$ and $K_{2,S_2}/K_2$?” Here, the main assumption is about the Dirichlet density of $S_i$.     

Photobleaching Kinetics and Effect of Solvent in the Photophysical Properties of Indocyanine Green for Photodynamic Therapy

Indocyanine green is an attractive molecule for photodynamic therapy due to its near infrared absorption, resulting in a higher tissue penetration. However, its quantum yields of the triplet and singlet state have been reported to be low and then, reactive oxygen species are unlikely to be formed. Aiming to understand the ICG role in photodynamic response, its photobleaching behavior in solution has been studied under distinct conditions of CW laser irradiation at 780 and 808 nm, oxygen saturations and solvents. Sensitizer bleaching and photoproduct formation were measured by absorption spectroscopy and analyzed using the PDT bleaching macroscopic model to extract physical parameters. ICG photobleaching occurs even at lower oxygen concentrations, indicating that the molecule presents more than one way of degradation. Photoproducts were produced even in solution of less than 4 % oxygen saturation for both solvents and excitation wavelengths. Also, the amplitude of absorption related to J-dimers was increased during irradiation, but only in 50 % PBS solution. The formation of photoproducts was enhanced in the presence of J-type dimers under low oxygen concentration, and the quantum yields of triplet and singlet states were one order of magnitude and two times higher, respectively, when compared to ICG in distilled H₂O.