Summary: A new error‐in‐variables method was developed to estimate the reactivity ratios in copolymerization systems. It brings the power of automatic, continuous, on‐line monitoring of polymerization (ACOMP) to copolymerization calculations. In ACOMP systems, monomer and polymer concentrations are measured by the monitoring of two independent properties of the system. The reactivity ratios are found by taking into account errors in the monomer concentrations determined from measurements and from calibration of the instruments. All the error sources are taken into account according to the error‐in‐variables method, and their effects are reflected in determining the confidence intervals of the reactivity ratios by the usual error propagation technique.
Distribution of concentrations [a] and [b] for the simulated experiment I. Random errors are 1% of the initial value in both observed variables. 相似文献
1,5-Diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene (DBN) and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) react with chloro- and dichloro-phosphines leading to onio- and dionio-substituted phosphines. Similarly, onio-substituted silicon and tin derivatives are prepared; they are used as onio-substituent transfer reagents in the synthesis of a trionio-substituted phosphine. 相似文献
Single crystals of (Me4N)4 [UO2(CO3)3]·8H2O are grown by slow evaporation (25 °C, 6 weeks) of an aqueous solution of uranyl 1‐hydroxyethane‐1,1‐diphosphonate and Me4NOH. 相似文献
An overview of recent developments in TDSLS and auxiliary techniques is given. This includes background theory, and examples of results and applications for online monitoring of polymerization reactions, kinetics and structural determinations from degrading polymers, aggregation, and dissolution of dry polymer powders. Also, automatic dilution techniques allow for continuous characterization of the equilibrium states of multi-component solutions. Illustrations are given for the case where the change in polyelectrolyte dimensions, interactions and hydrodynamics can be probed. 相似文献
