Average shadow price and equilibrium price: A case study of tradable pollution permit markets

Shadow prices indicate implicit values of limited resources at the margin and provide important information in decision making for resource management. In continuous economic models, shadow prices associated with demand-supply balance constraints represent consumers’ willingness to pay and producers’ marginal cost, hence they correspond to market equilibrium prices. As well known, however, marginal analysis fails in the case of discrete optimization, such as mixed integer programming. An alternative concept has been introduced in the literature to measure the value of an extra unit of a limited resource in such cases. This concept is based on average rather than marginal values, thus called the average shadow price, and interpreted in the same way as conventional shadow prices. Whether average shadow prices in a discrete economic model can serve as market equilibrium prices has not been addressed in the related literature. The present paper addresses this issue in an empirical setting. Using a tradable pollution permit market as an example, where firms’ YES/NO type technology adoption decisions are represented by binary variables, we show that the average shadow price of tradable permits can be interpreted as the equilibrium price only when certain conditions related to the cost structure and emission levels hold. On the other hand, we show that an iterative procedure based on individual firms’ cost minimizing behavior presents a better approach for finding a price that can eliminate or reduce the gap between demand and supply of permits in the market.     

Noncovalently galactose imprinted polymer for the recognition of different saccharides

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) represent a new class of materials possessing high selectivity and affinity for the target molecule. The main goal of this study was to prepare a galactose imprinted polymer and its potential application for the recognition of different saccharides. The selectivity of galactose imprinted polymer for several saccharides; glucose, mannose, fructose, maltose, lactose, sucrose and raffinose was investigated. Macroporous polymer was prepared utilizing ethyleneglycoldimethacrylate as a crosslinking agent, in the presence of galactose as a template molecule with acrylamide as a functional monomer. After the synthesis of polymer, galactose was removed by methanol:acetic acid washing. The selectivity of galactose imprinted polymer for other saccharides was utilized by batch rebinding assay. The arrangement of functional groups within cavities versus shape selectivity is discussed. The results showed that, the orientation of the functional groups was the dominating factor for the selectivity of galactose imprinted polymer. The dissociation constants of polymer were determined by Scatchard analysis.     

Conformational analysis and vibrational spectroscopic investigation of 3-phenylpropylamine

The possible stable forms of 3-phenylpropylamine (3-PPA) molecule were experimentally and theoretically studied by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. FT-IR and Raman spectra of 3-PPA were recorded in the regions of 4000–400 cm⁻¹ and 3700–60 cm⁻¹, respectively. The potential energy surface corresponding to the internal rotations of the molecule was investigated by semi-empirical quantum mechanical methods, and appropriate conformers defined with B3LYP hybrid density functional theory method along with the basis sets of different size and type. Results from experimental and theoretical data showed the trans–trans–gauche (TTG) to be the most stable form of a 3-PPA molecule.     

Extremely-broad band metamaterial absorber for solar energy harvesting based on star shaped resonator

A new metamaterial absorber (MA) is investigated and shown numerically for solar energy harvesting for future solar cell applications. The structure consists of two metals and one dielectric layer having different thicknesses. Owing to this combination, the structure exhibits plasmonic resonance characteristics. In the entire spectrum of visible frequency region, the obtained results show that investigated structure has perfect absorptivity which is above 91.8%. Proposed structure also has 99.87% absorption at 613.94 THz and 99% absorption between 548 and 669 THz. The proposed structure also shows both polarization and angle independency for the entire visible region. The MA based solar cell proposes high absorption with an upper ratio of 90% in the widest range of visible spectrum comparing to the studies in literature. Hence, the proposed metamaterial absorber solar cells can be used for invisibility in entire spectrum of visible light. The absorption characteristics of the solar absorber are also investigated for infrared and ultraviolet region. The enhancement of absorption of the structure will provide new type of sensors in these frequency ranges.     

Structure Effect on K Shell Fluorescence Parameters at Bis-4-Bromobenzyl-1,2,4-Triazol-3-Ones

In this study; the effect of the electron density over the Br atoms raising with increasing number of CH₂ group using the results of the K X-ray cross-sections and average fluorescence yields of bromine in quaternary-imidazole ring. In the experimental set-up, 50 mCi 241Am source and a collimated Ultra-LEGe detector were used. The electron density on the Br atoms raises according to the number of the CH₂ groups on the contrary of the inductive effect. The decreasing of the X-ray fluorescence parameters is interested with the increasing the electron density of Br atoms.     

人体血浆中15种超良量稀土元素的电感耦合等离子体质谱法 …

本文用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定了人体血浆中的稀土元素。在优化的条件下 ,以内标法测得的各种纯水溶液的检测限在 0 .7(Eu)～ 5 .4(Gd) ng·L- 1范围内。研究了 K,Na,Ca,Fe等基体元素对稀土测定的影响。以 In为内标元素补偿样品基体效应以及灵敏度飘移。比较了直接稀释、HNO3- H2 O2 消解及 HNO3-HCl O4消解 3种样品处理方法 ,用 1% HNO3直接稀释样品可满足轻稀土元素的定量分析要求 ,方法的定量测定下限≤ 1μg·L- 1。     

Simultaneous Determination of Anthocyanin and Ponceau 4R in Drink Powders by Derivative Spectrophotometry and Partial Least-Squares Multivariate Spectrophotometric Calibration

 Two methods for the simultaneous determination of anthocyanin and ponceau 4R in drink powders by second derivative spectrophotometry and by partial least-squares multivariate spectrophotometric calibration are described. The procedures do not require any separation step. The methods were applied to determine both colorants in commercial gelatin powders; the results obtained are compared.     

[Ni(terpy)(H2O)]‐trans‐[Ni‐(μ‐CN)2‐(CN)2]n,a one‐dimensional linear tetra­cyano­nickelate chain

The one‐dimensional chain catena‐poly­[[aqua(2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridyl‐κ³N)­nickel(II)]‐μ‐cyano‐κ²N:C‐[bis­(cyano‐κC)nickelate(II)]‐μ‐cyano‐κ²C:N], [Ni(terpy)(H₂O)]‐trans‐[Ni‐μ‐(CN)₂‐(CN)₂]_n or [Ni₂­(CN)₄­(C₁₅H₁₁N₃)(H₂O)], consists of infinite linear chains along the crystallographic [10] direction. The chains are composed of two distinct types of nickel ions, paramagnetic octahedral [Ni(terpy)(H₂O)]²⁺ cations (with twofold crystallographic symmetry) and diamagnetic planar [Ni(CN)₄]^2? anions (with the Ni atom on an inversion center). The [Ni(CN)₄]^2? units act as bidentate ligands bridging through two trans cyano groups thus giving rise to a new example of a trans–trans chain among planar tetra­cyano­nickelate complexes. The coordination geometry of the planar nickel unit is typical of slightly distorted octahedral nickel(II) complexes, but for the [Ni(CN)₄]^2? units, the geometry deviates from a planar configuration due to steric interactions with the ter­pyridine ligands.     

Film flow over strongly undulated bottom profiles at low Reynolds numbers – Analytical results

Film flows occur in many technical processes (e.g. coating techniques) as well as in nature. In this paper we establish a new analytical method in order to calculate both the velocity field and the surface shape of a two–dimensional gravity driven film flow of a Newtonian fluid down a periodically varying bottom topology. We discuss the special case of a sinusoidal bottom shape.