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71.
R. Schuster H. Hajak M. Reinwald W. Wegscheider D. Schuh M. Bichler G. Abstreiter 《Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures》2004,21(2-4):236
The confinement energy of T-shaped quantum wires (QWRs), which were fabricated by the cleaved edge overgrowth technique in a way that the QWRs form at the intersection of In0.2Al0.8As stressor layers and the overgrown (1 1 0) GaAs quantum well (QW), is examined using micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy. Photoluminescence (PL) signals from individual QWRs can be spatially resolved, since the strained films are separated by 1 μm wide Al0.3Ga0.7As layers. We find that due to the tensile strain being transmitted to the QW, the confinement energy of the QWRs rises systematically up to 40 meV with increasing thickness of the stressor layers. By reducing the excitation power to 0.1 μW the QWR PL emission occurs 48 meV redshifted with respect to the QW. All QWR peaks exhibit smooth lineshapes, indicating the absence of pronounced exciton localization. 相似文献
72.
The historical Ehrenfest model dating back to 1907 describes the process of equilibration together with fluctuations around the thermal equilibrium. This approach represents a special case in the dynamics of N uncoupled two-state systems. In this article we present a generalization of the original model by introducing an additional parameter p which denotes the probability of a single state change. Analytical solutions for the probability distribution of the system's state as well as the fluctuation distribution are derived. Interestingly, close inspection of the fluctuation distribution reveals an intrinsic time scale. Sampling the system's state at much slower rates yields the familiar macroscopic exponential distribution for equilibrium processes. For faster measurements a power law extends roughly over log10 N orders of magnitude followed by an exponential tail. At some point, further increases of the sampling rate merely result in a shift of the fluctuation distribution towards higher values leaving plateau at small fluctuation sizes behind. Since the generic solution is rather unwieldy, we derive and discuss simple and intuitive analytical solutions in the limit of small p and large N. Furthermore, we relax the quantization of time by considering a complementary approach in continuous time. Finally we demonstrate that the fluctuation distributions resulting from the two different approaches bear identical characteristic features. 相似文献
73.
In many Italian archaeological sites dated between the sixth and third centuries BC, unworked lumps of Cu-based materials are sometimes found, the so called Aes Rude, which according to archaeological considerations were appreciated as currency, as a medium of exchange and as a form of saving. The microchemical investigation of these ancient artefacts discloses their nature as apparently not usable for any functional applications or possible use. Indeed, Aes Rude resemble ordinary copper material, but microchemical results indicate that they are constituted by highly ferruginous leaded copper, making them useless for producing other metal objects by means of casting or hot and cold working. Notwithstanding this intrinsic negative feature, the production of these intractable Cu-based alloys was deliberately carried out to maximise the process yield in terms of produced metal from an impure and unselected metal ore by tailoring the smelting process parameters. With these considerations in mind, the microchemical investigation of these ancient iron–copper alloys gives evidence of the passage from the acceptance of an artefact value based on its true nature or potential use to the acceptance of the value based only on its appearance or form irrespective of its present or future use. This information could contribute to a better understanding of the evolution of human thought and economic and social interactions. 相似文献
74.
Stanis aw Urban Maria Massalska-Arod
Albert Wü rflinger Roman D browski 《Liquid crystals》2003,30(3):313-318
The pressure-temperature ( p - T ) phase diagrams for four smectogenic members of the 4'-alkyl-4-cyanobiphenyl homologous series ( n CB, n =9, 10, 11 and 12) over the temperature range 320-410 K and pressure range 0.1-300 MPa (3 kbar) were constructed using DTA. At 1 atm 9CB exhibits nematic and smectic A d phases, while the other members show only the smectic A d phase. However, at elevated pressures the clearing line splits in the case of 10CB and 11CB which indicates the induction of a nematic phase. It was found that the triple point, where the isotropic, nematic and smectic phases coexist, is strongly shifted to higher pressures with increasing chain length. This was interpreted as being caused by a loss of the rod-like shape of the molecules containing longer alkyl tails which explore a range of conformations. The slope of the clearing line, d T /d p , depends strongly on the length of the alkyl chain for the n CB series, but does not show a step-wise change between the nematogenic and smectogenic members. 相似文献
75.
In this paper the derivatives of the solution of an initial boundary value problem for a nonlinear uniformly parabolic equation in the interior with the total variation of the boundary data and the L∞-norm of the initial condition are estimated. 相似文献
76.
Cristian Barbarosie Anca‐Maria Toader 《Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences》2005,28(9):1089-1114
We prove bounds on the homogenized coefficients for general non‐periodic mixtures of an arbitrary number of isotropic materials, in the heat conduction framework. The component materials and their proportions are given through the Young measure associated to the sequence of coefficient functions. Upper and lower bounds inequalities are deduced in terms of algebraic relations between this Young measure and the eigenvalues of the H‐limit matrix. The proofs employ arguments of compensated compactness and fine properties of Young measures. When restricted to the periodic case, we recover known bounds. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
77.
78.
3-Hydroxybutyramides are obtained in high optical yield from ethyl (±)-3-hydroxybutyrate and aliphatic amines when the reaction is catalyzed by Candida antartica lipase. The chemical reduction of these 3-hydroxybutyramides yields the corresponding 1,3 -aminoalcohols. 相似文献
79.
Maria Alberich-Carramiñana 《Advances in Mathematics》2007,216(2):753-770
Given a birational normal extension O of a two-dimensional local regular ring (R,m), we describe all the equisingularity types of the complete m-primary ideals J in R whose blowing-up X=BlJ(R) has some point Q whose local ring OX,Q is analytically isomorphic to O. 相似文献
80.
E. Maria Claesson Nilesh C. Mehendale Robertus J.M. Klein Gebbink Gerard van Koten Albert P. Philipse 《Journal of magnetism and magnetic materials》2007
Monodisperse magnetizable colloidal silica particles in a stable dispersion have been functionalized with a homogeneous catalyst: a PCP–pincer Pd-complex. In a proof-of-principle experiment we demonstrate the catalytic activity of the colloids in a C–C bond formation reaction. Advantages of the magnetic silica carriers are the large surface-to-volume ratio and the easy recovery by magnetic separation. After magnetic separation, the catalyst-loaded particles are readily redispersed for further use. 相似文献