Calculation of the interaction of an axisymmetric supersonic underexpanded jet with an obstacle

The method of integral relations [1] and the method of characteristics are used to construct a scheme for the numerical solution of the problem of the interaction of a supersonic underexpanded jet with an obstacle. The results of calculations are presented.The author wishes to thank his scientific coworker I. I. Kuhlin for compiling and debugging the program.     

Flow in vicinity of blunt body stagnation point in diverging hypersonic stream

In the hypersonic thin shock layer approximation for a small ratio k of the densities before and after the normal shock wave the solution of [1] for the vicinity of the stagnation point of a smooth blunt body is extended to the case of nonuniform outer flow. It is shown that the effect of this nonuniformity can be taken into account with the aid of the effective shock wave radius of curvature R_*, whose introduction makes it possible to reduce to universal relations the data for different nonuniform outer flows with practically the same similarity criterion k. The results of the study are compared with numerical calculations of highly underexpanded jet flow past a sphere.Notations x, y a curvilinear coordinate system with axes directed respectively along and normal to the body surface with origin at the forward stagnation point - R radius of curvature of the meridional plane of the body surface - uV, vV., , p V ² respectively the velocity projections on the x, y axes, density, and pressure - and V freestream density and velocity The indices =0 and=1 apply to plane and axisymmetric flows Izv. AN SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 102–105, 1970.     

Laser induced fluorescence of Mg-phthalocyanine in He droplets: evidence for fluxionality of large H2 clusters at 0.38 K

The formation of Ar and H2 clusters, having up to 900 particles in helium droplets, has been studied via laser induced fluorescence of attached Mg-phthalocyanine (Mg-Pc) molecules. In the experiments, one Mg-Pc molecule in average was added to each He droplet either before or after the cluster species, and the shift of the spectrum of the Mg-Pc molecules was studied as a function of the cluster size. For Ar clusters, about a factor of 2 smaller matrix shift was observed for the late pickup of the Mg-Pc molecules as compared with the prior pickup, indicating that in the former case, the Mg-Pc molecules reside on the surface of the preformed Ar clusters. On the other hand, the spectra of the Mg-Pc molecules attached to H2 clusters are independent of the pickup order, which is consistent with Mg-Pc molecules residing near the center of the H2 clusters in both cases. Therefore H2 clusters remain fluxional in helium droplets at T=0.38 K. No significant differences in the spectra were observed between the para-H2 and ortho-H2 clusters.     

Donor-acceptor triazenes: synthesis, characterization, and study of their electronic and thermal properties

A new class of 1,3-disubstituted-triazenes were synthesized by coupling functionalized benzimidazol-2-ylidenes, as their free N-heterocyclic carbenes or generated in situ from their respective benzimidazolium precursors, to various aryl azides in modest to excellent isolated yields (36-99%). Electron delocalization between the two coupled components was studied using UV-vis spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. Depending on the complementarity of the functional groups on the N-heterocyclic carbenes and the organic azides, the respective triazenes were found to exhibit lambda(max) values ranging between 364 and 450 nm. X-ray crystallography revealed bond alteration patterns in a series of triazenes characteristic of donor-acceptor compounds. Triazene thermal stabilities were studied using thermogravimetric analysis and found to be strongly dependent on the sterics of the benzimidazol-2-ylidene component and the electronics of the azide component. Triazenes possessing bulky N-substituents (e.g., neo-pentyl, tert-butyl, etc.) were stable in the solid-state to temperatures exceeding 150 degrees C, whereas analogues with small N-substituents (e.g., methyl) were found to slowly decompose at room temperature. Triazenes featuring electron-rich phenyl azide components decomposed at higher temperatures than their electron-deficient analogues. Products of the thermally induced triazene decomposition reaction were identified as molecular nitrogen and the respective guanidine. Using an isotopically labeled triazene, the mechanism of the decomposition reaction was found to be analogous to the Staudinger reaction.     

Analysis and Optimization of the Characteristics of Superpower Virtode Generation

Technical Physics - We report on the results of the 3D numerical simulation of perspective design of an oscillator based on an external-feedback virtual cathode (virtode), as well as optimization...     

Optimization of the parameters of a virtual-cathode oscillator with an inhomogeneous magnetic field

A two-dimensional numerical model is used to study the generation of powerful microwave radiation in a vircator with an inhomogeneous magnetic field applied to focus a beam. The characteristics of the external inhomogeneous magnetic field are found to strongly affect the vircator generation characteristics. Mathematical optimization is used to search for the optimum parameters of the magnetic periodic focusing system of the oscillator in order to achieve the maximum power of the output microwave radiation. The dependences of the output vircator power on the characteristics of the external inhomogeneous magnetic field are studied near the optimum control parameters. The physical processes that occur in optimized virtual cathode oscillators are investigated.     

Effect of visible light on biological objects: Physiological and pathophysiological aspects

Visible light is a necessary condition for the existence of life on the Earth. The food and oxygen consumed by humans, directly or mediately, are products of photosynthesis: conversion of light energy into the energy of chemical bonding in organic matter. Visible light not only provides photosynthesis in plants; it is also involved in the regulation of many reactions (from molecular to behavioral) in the animal world. This review is devoted to the questions concerning the role of light in the life of biological objects and the physical mechanisms of interaction of visible light with matter. The effect of light on the molecular and physiological reactions of a human and its microflora is analyzed. The existing methods and the application potential of light effects in diagnostics and therapy are considered.     

Self-oscillations in a gyro-backward-wave tube with coupled electrodynamic structures

Self-oscillations in a gyro-backward-wave tube with coupled guiding structures are studied. It is shown analytically and numerically that the critical current for the onset of self-modulation in such a structure can be significantly increased and a high power can be achieved in the single-frequency oscillation mode. Numerical simulations predict a significant increase in the gyrotron efficiency at the optimal coupling between the guiding structures.