Study of mass consistency LES/FDF techniques for chemically reacting flows

A hybrid large eddy simulation/filtered density function (LES/FDF) approach is used for studying chemically reacting flows with detailed chemistry. In particular, techniques utilised for ensuring a mass consistent coupling between LES and FDF are discussed. The purpose of these techniques is to maintain a correct spatial distribution of the computational particles representing specified amounts of fluid. A particular mass consistency technique due to Y.Z. Zhang and D.C. Haworth (A general mass consistency algorithm for hybrid particle/finite-volume PDF methods, J. Comput. Phys. 194 (2004), pp. 156–193) and their associated algorithms are implemented in a pressure-based computational fluid dynamics code suitable for the simulation of variable density flows, representative of those encountered in actual combustion applications. To assess the effectiveness of the referenced technique for enforcing LES/FDF mass consistency, two- and three-dimensional simulations of a temporal mixing layer using detailed and reduced chemistry mechanisms are carried out. The parametric analysis performed focuses on determining the influence on the level of mass consistency errors of parameters such as the initial number of particles per cell and the initial density ratio of the mixing layers. Particular emphasis is put on the computational burden that represents the use of such a mass consistency technique. The results show the suitability of this type of technique for ensuring the mass consistency required when utilising hybrid LES/FDF approaches. The level of agreement of the computed results with experimental data is also illustrated.     

Ricci dark energy in Chern–Simons modified gravity

In this work, we have considered the Ricci dark energy model, where the energy density of the universe is proportional to the Ricci scalar curvature, in the dynamic Chern–Simons modified gravity. We show that in this context the evolution of the scale factor is similar to that displayed by the modified Chaplygin gas.     

Unfolding physics from the algebraic classification of spinor fields

After reviewing the Lounesto spinor field classification, according to the bilinear covariants associated to a spinor field, we call attention and unravel some prominent features involving unexpected properties about spinor fields under such classification. In particular, we pithily focus on the new aspects — as well as current concrete possibilities. They mainly arise when we deal with some non-standard spinor fields concerning, in particular, their applications in physics.     

SERS as a valuable tool for detection and treatment follow‐up of fungal infection in mice lungs: use of Amphotericin B and its nanoencapsulation onto magnetic nanoparticles

This study reports on the use of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection and follow‐up treatment of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb) infection in lung's mice. We also reports on the introduction of a new drug carrier system [nanoparticle‐Amphotericin B (NP‐AmB)], comprising magnetic NP surface functionalized with AmB, and its use in the treatment of infected and non‐infected mice. SERS was successfully used to monitor the efficacy of the mice's treatment using the new NP‐AmB, while free AmB (F‐AmB), considering the current drug of choice for treatment of Pb infection, was also used and taken as reference for the treatment. We found SERS provides a robust platform to discriminate infected lung tissues from non‐infected ones based on fingerprints assessed via SERS spectra and focused on the redox state of heme groups present in the collected biological material. Finally, SERS data reported in this study indicated that the new NP‐AmB formulation provides similar clinical response as the F‐AmB, although incorporating 40% lower content of AmB and administered in a time interval schedule (every 72 h) three times longer than F‐AmB (every 24 h). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Diffusion equations and the time evolution of foreign exchange rates

We investigate which type of diffusion equation is most appropriate to describe the time evolution of foreign exchange rates. We modify the geometric diffusion model assuming a non-exponential time evolution and the stochastic term is the sum of a Wiener noise and a jump process. We find the resulting diffusion equation to obey the Kramers–Moyal equation. Analytical solutions are obtained using the characteristic function formalism and compared with empirical data. The analysis focus on the first four central moments considering the returns of foreign exchange rate. It is shown that the proposed model offers a good improvement over the classical geometric diffusion model.     

Raman spectroscopy of very small Cd1−xCoxS quantum dots grown by a novel protocol: direct observation of acoustic‐optical phonon coupling

Glass‐embedded Cd_1−xCo_xS quantum dots (QDs) with mean radius of R ≈ 1.70 nm were successfully synthesized by a novel protocol on the basis of the melting‐nucleation synthesis route and herein investigated by several experimental techniques. Incorporation of Co²⁺ ions into the QD lattice was evidenced by X‐ray diffraction and magnetic force microscopy results. Optical absorption features with irregular spacing in the ligand field region confirmed that the majority of the incorporated Co²⁺ ions are under influence of a low‐symmetry crystal field located near to the Cd_1−xCo_xS QD surface. Electron paramagnetic resonance data confirmed the presence of Co²⁺ ions in a highly inhomogeneous crystal field environment identified at the interface between the hosting glass matrix (amorphous) and the crystalline QD. The acoustic‐optical phonon coupling in the Cd_1−xCo_xS QDs (x ≠ 0.000) was directly observed by Raman measurements, which have shown a high‐frequency shoulder of the longitudinal optical phonon peak. This effect is tuned by the size‐dependent sp‐d exchange interaction due to the magnetic doping, causing variations in the coupling between electrons and longitudinal optical phonon. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The eigenvalues of the product of matrices with prescribed similarity classes *

Let A and B be n × n nonsingular matrices over a field F, and c ₁,…,c _n ∈ F. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of matrices A′ and B′ similar to A and B, respectively, such that A′ B′ has eigenvalues c ₁,…,c _n.     

Homogeneous and non-homogeneous boundary value problems for first order linear hyperbolic systems arising in fluid mechanics (Part II)

We prove the existence and the uniqueness of differentiable and strong solutions for a class of boundary value problems for first order linear hyperbolic systems arising from the dynamics of compressible non-viscous fluids. In particular necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of solutions for the non-homogeneous problem are studied; strong solutions are obtained without this supplementary condition. See Theorems3.2, 3.9, 4.1, 4.2 and Corollary 4.3; see also the discussion after Theorem 4.1. In particular we don't assume the boundary space to be maximal non-positive and the boundary matrix to be of constant rank on the boundary. In this paper we prove directly the existence of differentiable solutions without resort to weak or strong solutions. An essential tool will be the introduction of a space Z of regular functions verifying not only the assigned boundary conditions but also some suitable complementary boundary conditions; see also the introduction of Part I of this work [I].     

Homogeneous and non-homogeneous boundary value problems for first order linear hyperbolic systems arising in fluid-mechanics (Part I)

We prove t h e existence and the uniqueness of differentiable and strong solutions for aclass of non-homogeneous boundary value problems for first order linear hyperbolic systems arising from the dynamics of compressible non-viscous fluids . The method provides.the existence of differentiable solutions without resorting to strong or weak solutions. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of solutions for the non-homogeneous problem is proved. I t consists of an explicitrelationship between the boundary values of u and those of the data f . Strong solutions are obtained without this supplementary assumption. See Theorems 3.1, 4.1, 4 . 2 , 4.3 and Corollary 4.4; see also Remarks 2.1 and 2.4. In this paper we consider equation (3.1) below. In the forthcoming part II we prove similar results for the corresponding evolution problem.