Heat transport and critical slowing down near the Rayleigh-Bénard instability in cylindrical containers

Measurements of heat transport across layers of liquid He I heated from below show a sharp transition to fluid flow at the gravitationally driven Rayleigh-Bénard instability. The effective thermal conductivity of the convecting fluid is found to be a linear function of the reduced Rayleigh number (R - R_c)/R_c and to have a slope which agrees with calculations. Critical slowing down near R_c is measured and found to be in excellent agreement with theory.     

Anomalous small-angle x-ray scattering from mesoporous noble metal catalysts

We present the analysis of a catalyst containing platinum nanoparticles supported on mesoporous MCM-41 silica by anomalous small-angle x-ray scattering (ASAXS). The analysis of this composite system by ASAXS is first studied by use of model calculation. Here, it is shown that the full analysis must proceed by decomposing the scattering data measured at different energies of the incident beam into three partial intensities. This evaluation is compared to a simplified method in which scattering curves measured at two different energies are subtracted from each other. The different methods are applied to experimental data obtained from platinum nanoparticles on an MCM-41 support material. The model calculations show that the simplified method leads to large deviations especially at low q in ordered systems. In the semi-ordered material MCM-41, these deviations are less pronounced, and the method of simple subtraction proves to be a good approximation for q values higher than 0.1 nm^?1.     

The use of High-Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Speciation of Organotin Compounds

This review of the use of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the speciation of organotin compounds which are primarily of significance in the marine environment is divided into sections on the basis of the different HPLC modes of separation. However, it should be noted that such a classification does not exist in reality. For instance, in an ion-pair reversed-phase system the separation mechanism for the ionic solutes may be ion-pair partitioning, or ion exchange, or both. The relevant practical information (e.g. column type, mobile phase, method of detection and detection limit) is presented in tabular form. A brief overview of the reported detection methods is included, because the delay in development of an easily interfaced, specific and sensitive detector has hindered the use of HPLC for organotin speciation studies. The literature reviewed covers publications from 1977, the year of the first application of HPLC to organotin speciation, to April 1995.