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91.
We develop the formalism to investigate therelation between the evolution of the large-scale(quasi) linear structure and that of the small-scalenonlinear structure in Newtonian cosmology within theLagrangian framework. In doing so, we first derive thestandard Friedmann expansion law using the averagingprocedure over the present horizon scale. Then thelarge-scale (quasi) linear flow is defined by averaging the full trajectory field over a large-scaledomain, but much smaller then the horizon scale. Therest of the full trajectory field is supposed todescribe small-scale nonlinear dynamics. We obtain the evolution equations for the large-scale andsmall-scale part of the trajectory field. These arecoupled each other in most general situations. It isshown that if the shear deformation of fluid elements is ignored in the averaged large-scaledynamics, the small-scale dynamics is described byNewtonian dynamics in an effectiveFriedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) background with a localscale factor. The local scale factor is defined by the sum of theglobal scale factor and the expansion deformation of theaveraged large-scale displacement field. This means thatthe evolution of small-scale fluctuations is influenced by the surrounding large-scale structurethrough the modification of FRW scale factor. The effectmight play an important role in the structure formationscenario. 相似文献
92.
Toshihiro Sakuma Hiroshi Kashiwagi Toshikazu Takada Haruki Nakamura 《International journal of quantum chemistry》1997,61(1):137-151
The charge separation occurring in the photosynthetic reaction center is the primary subject in order to understand the whole photosynthetic process. In this article, the electronic structures of the chlorophyll dimer, in which photoexcitation occurs, are investigated by using the ab initio molecular orbital scheme and pseudocharges and dipoles method which takes into account the electrostatic effect of the surrounding proteins, pigments, and aqueous solvent. As a first step, the ionization potentials of BCmp, BCIp, and the dimer of Rhodopseudomonas viridis are computed to study the characteristic of each molecule toward the elucidation of the primary charge separation. It has been found, from the present calculations, that BCmp and BClp constituting the dimer are not equivalent in their electronic ground states, since the electron could be removed more easily from BCmp than from BClp for two reasons: (1) the distorted molecular plane of Cmp, and (2) the effects of the surrounding electrostatic potentials to BCmp and BCIp. This tendency is further strengthened by the polarization of the environment, when, to the ab initio MO calculation, the contribution from the induced dipoles of the neighboring atoms in the proteins and other chromophores is included. From the present application, induced electric dipoles are found to be important to describe the molecular electronic structures affected by proteins. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
93.
Mitsuru Suda Takuya Hagihara Noriyoshi Suya Tsuyoshi Hamano Masashi Takada Teruaki Konishi Takeshi Maeda Yasushi Ohmachi Shizuko Kakinuma Kentaro Ariyoshi Yoshiya Shimada Hitoshi Imaseki 《Radiation Physics and Chemistry》2009,78(12):1216-1219
We developed a neutron irradiation facility, neutron exposure accelerator system for biological effect experiments (NASBEE) for biological studies in National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Japan. Irradiation field of 2 MeV average neutrons generated by a Be(d–n)B reaction is established. Dose uniformity of 240 mm in diameter irradiation field is producible within ±2.5% with a dose rate of 0.87 Gy/h at sample target distance of 1170 mm. Two irradiation rooms, a specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditioned one and a conventional, are now available. Irradiation protocols for in vitro experiments are now established and demonstrated by obtaining a relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of cell inactivation measured to be 3.54 with 10% survival dose (D10). 相似文献
94.
Hideyuki Takada Ushio Sumita Hui Jin 《Methodology and Computing in Applied Probability》2009,11(4):687-703
The stochastic volatility model of Heston (Rev Financ Stud 6:327–343, 1993) has been accepted by many practitioners for pricing various financial derivatives, because of its capability to explain
the smile curve of the implied volatility. While analytical results are available for pricing plain Vanilla European options
based on the Heston model, there hardly exist any closed form solutions for exotic options. The purpose of this paper is to
develop computational algorithms for evaluating the prices of such exotic options based on a bivariate birth-death approximation
approach. Given the underlying price process S
t
, the logarithmic process U
t
= logS
t
is first approximated by a birth-death process BUtB^U_t via moment matching. A second birth-death process BVtB^V_t is then constructed for approximating the stochastic volatility process V
t
through infinitesimal generator matching. Efficient numerical procedures are developed for capturing the dynamic behavior
of { BUt , BVt }\{ B^U_t , B^V_t \} . Consequently, the prices of any exotic options based on the Heston model can be computed as long as such prices are expressed
in terms of the joint distribution of { S
t
,V
t
} and the associated first passage times. As an example, the prices of down-and-out call options are evaluated explicitly,
demonstrating speed and fair accuracy of the proposed algorithms. 相似文献
95.
We report a Rietveld refinement analysis and X-ray absorption study on a green-color Cl(-)-intercalated alpha-type cobalt hydroxide phase. The refinement clearly demonstrated that one-fifth to one-sixth of the Co(II) at octahedral sites was replaced by pairs of tetrahedrally coordinated Co(II) on each side of the hydroxide plane, represented by a structural formula of [Co(octa)(0.828)Co(tetra)(0.348)(OH)2](0.348+)Cl(0.348).0.456H2O. X-ray absorption spectroscopy also indicated that the divalent cobalt were in local neighboring environments of both octahedral and tetrahedral coordination. Furthermore, UV-vis spectroscopic measurements elucidate the typical green/blue color of an alpha-type cobalt hydroxide. 相似文献
96.
We demonstrate the direct generation of 12 fs pulses from a Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier system at a 1 kHz repetition rate utilizing properly designed broadband components for chirped-pulse amplification. Optimized designs of a regenerative amplifier with a multilayer gain-narrowing compensator and an adaptive dispersion compensator with a spatial light modulator contribute to the shorter pulse amplification. 相似文献
97.
Akihiko Okumura Yasuaki Takada Susumu Watanabe Hiroaki Hashimoto Naoya Ezawa Yasuo Seto Yasuo Takayama Ryoji Sekioka Shintaro Yamaguchi Shintaro Kishi Takafumi Satoh Tomohide Kondo Hisayuki Nagashima Tomoki Nagoya 《Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry》2016,27(7):1219-1226
We propose detecting a fragment ion (Ph2As+) using counter-flow introduction atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry for sensitive air monitoring of chemical warfare vomiting agents diphenylchloroarsine (DA) and diphenylcyanoarsine (DC). The liquid sample containing of DA, DC, and bis(diphenylarsine)oxide (BDPAO) was heated in a dry air line, and the generated vapor was mixed into the humidified air flowing through the sampling line of a mass spectrometer. Humidity effect on the air monitoring was investigated by varying the humidity of the analyzed air sample. Evidence of the in-line conversion of DA and DC to diphenylarsine hydroxide (DPAH) and then BDPAO was obtained by comparing the chronograms of various ions from the beginning of heating. Multiple-stage mass spectrometry revealed that the protonated molecule (MH+) of DA, DC, DPAH, and BDPAO could produce Ph2As+ through their in-source fragmentation. Among the signals of the ions that were investigated, the Ph2As+ signal was the most intense and increased to reach a plateau with the increased air humidity, whereas the MH+ signal of DA decreased. It was suggested that DA and DC were converted in-line into BDPAO, which was a major source of Ph2As+. 相似文献
98.
Yamada M Yao I Hayasaka T Ushijima M Matsuura M Takada H Shikata N Setou M Kwon AH Ito S 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2012,402(5):1921-1930
Direct tissue analysis using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) provides the means
for in situ molecular analysis of a wide variety of biomolecules. This technology—known as imaging mass spectrometry (IMS)—allows
the measurement of biomolecules in their native biological environments without the need for target-specific reagents such
as antibodies. In this study, we applied the IMS technique to formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples to identify a substance(s)
responsible for the intestinal obstruction caused by an unidentified foreign body. In advance of IMS analysis, some pretreatments
were applied. After the deparaffinization of sections, samples were subjected to enzyme digestion. The sections co-crystallized
with matrix were desorbed and ionized by a laser pulse with scanning. A combination of α-amylase digestion and the 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic
acid matrix gave the best mass spectrum. With the IMS Convolution software which we developed, we could automatically extract
meaningful signals from the IMS datasets. The representative peak values were m/z 1,013, 1,175, 1,337, 1,499, 1,661, 1,823, and 1,985. Thus, it was revealed that the material was polymer with a 162-Da unit
size, calculated from the even intervals. In comparison with the mass spectra of the histopathological specimen and authentic
materials, the main component coincided with amylopectin rather than amylose. Tandem MS analysis proved that the main components
were oligosaccharides. Finally, we confirmed the identification of amylopectin by staining with periodic acid-Schiff and iodine.
These results for the first time show the advantages of MALDI-IMS in combination with enzyme digestion for the direct analysis
of oligosaccharides as a major component of histopathological samples. 相似文献
99.
Dawn A Shiraki T Ichikawa H Takada A Takahashi Y Tsuchiya Y Lien le TN Shinkai S 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2012,134(4):2161-2171
Self-assembly behaviors of a series of systems (G1, G2, and G3) possessing same organic building blocks based on a substituted anthracene have been investigated in decalin. G2 and G3 are dominated by head-to-tail (ht) and head-to-head (hh) type dimers of G1, respectively. G1 gives a thermoresponsive gel that behaves ideally, showing frequency-independent elastic and viscous moduli. Interestingly, G2 produces a thixotropic gel that shows the signature of structural relaxation, signifying the dynamic nature of the system. In contrast, G3 remains fluidlike. As investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in the assembly process of G2, first disklike nanoaggregates are formed, and in the second step these aggregates interact to construct the densely packed secondary assembly. A transition from secondary assembly to primary assembly under shear initiates the mechanoresponsive destruction of the gel. In the self-assembly process, G1 propagates in a one-dimensional fashion, whereas G2 and G3 can propagate in a two-dimensionional fashion. The same side orientation of the substituents in G3 facilitates the formation of a compact closed-shell-type structure, which results in the generation of isolated nanocrystals. The long-range weak interaction together with the capability of propagating in two dimensions is found to be essential for the construction of such a mechanoresponsive assembly. C(60) and C(70) could be incorporated successfully in G2 assembly to develop mechanoresponsive fullerene assemblies. The presence of fullerenes not only enhances the elastic properties of G2 but also intensifies the thixotropy. C(70) appears to be a superior guest in terms of property enhancement due to its better size fitting with the concave-shaped host. 相似文献
100.
Masashi Yokoya Kimiko Shinada-Fujino Saiko Yoshida Masahiro Mimura Hiroki Takada Naoki Saito 《Tetrahedron》2012,68(22):4166-4181
An improved total synthesis of (±)-renieramycin G (1g) from readily available 2-hydroxy-3-methyl-4,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (7) in 21 steps (6.3% overall yield) is described. The synthesis features the concise construction of a pentacyclic framework using the stereoselective Pictet–Spengler type cyclization reaction of lactam (25) with ethyl diethoxyacetate, followed by the base-catalyzed epimerization of the C-1 stereo center of aldehyde (30a). The results of cytotoxicity studies are also presented. 相似文献