Membrane Proteins Have Distinct Fast Internal Motion and Residual Conformational Entropy

The internal motions of integral membrane proteins have largely eluded comprehensive experimental characterization. Here the fast side‐chain dynamics of the α‐helical sensory rhodopsin II and the β‐barrel outer membrane protein W have been investigated in lipid bilayers and detergent micelles by solution NMR relaxation techniques. Despite their differing topologies, both proteins have a similar distribution of methyl‐bearing side‐chain motion that is largely independent of membrane mimetic. The methyl‐bearing side chains of both proteins are, on average, more dynamic in the ps–ns timescale than any soluble protein characterized to date. Accordingly, both proteins retain an extraordinary residual conformational entropy in the folded state, which provides a counterbalance to the absence of the hydrophobic effect. Furthermore, the high conformational entropy could greatly influence the thermodynamics underlying membrane‐protein functions, including ligand binding, allostery, and signaling.     

Two Equivalent Reduction of Copper(I) Complexes; Evidence of an Anionic Copper Species

Reactive copper solutions have been prepared by a cold temperature, two equivalent lithium naphthalenide reduction of copper(I) complexes. One equivalent of organic halides react with one equivalent of the anionic copper to yield organocopper reagents.     

Structural rearrangement and stiffening of hydrophobically modified supramolecular hydrogels during thermal annealing

Dynamic crosslinks formed by thermoreversible associations provide an energy dissipation mechanism to toughen hydrogels. However, the details of the organization of these crosslinks impact the hydrogel properties through constraints on the network chain conformation. The physical crosslinks generated by hydrophobic association of the 2‐(N‐ethylperfluorooctane‐sulfonamido)ethyl methacrylate (FOSM) groups in a random copolymer of N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and FOSM provide a simple system to investigate how the hydrogel structure (as determined from small angle neutron scattering impacts the mechanical properties of the hydrogel. The initial hydration of the copolymer at 25 °C leads to a kinetically trapped structure with large‐scale heterogeneities. Heating the hydrogel at 60 °C, which is above the glass transition temperature for the FOSM domains, allows the hydrogel structure to rearrange to reduce the density of network defects and the structural heterogeneities. That effectively increases the crosslink density of the network, which stiffens the hydrogel and decreases the swelling at equilibrium at 25 °C. The processing history determines how the hydrophobes aggregate to form the physically crosslinked network, whose structure defines the mechanical properties of these hydrogels. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017 , 55, 1036–1044     

Impact of chain architecture (branching) on the thermal and mechanical behavior of polystyrene thin films

The modulus and glass transition temperature (T_g) of ultrathin films of polystyrene (PS) with different branching architectures are examined via surface wrinkling and the discontinuity in the thermal expansion as determined from spectroscopic ellipsometry, respectively. Branching of the PS is systematically varied using multifunctional monomers to create comb, centipede, and star architectures with similar molecular masses. The bulk‐like (thick film) T_g for these polymers is 103 ± 2 °C and independent of branching and all films thinner than 40 nm exhibit reductions in T_g. There are subtle differences between the architectures with reductions in T_g for linear (25 °C), centipede (40 °C), comb (9 °C), and 4 armed star (9 °C) PS for ≈ 5 nm films. Interestingly, the room temperature modulus of the thick films is dependent upon the chain architecture with the star and comb polymers being the most compliant (≈2 GPa) whereas the centipede PS is most rigid (≈4 GPa). The comb PS exhibits no thickness dependence in moduli, whereas all other PS architectures examined show a decrease in modulus as the film thickness is decreased below ～40 nm. We hypothesize that the chain conformation leads to the apparent susceptibility of the polymer to reductions in moduli in thin films. These results provide insight into potential origins for thickness dependent properties of polymer thin films. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012     

Comment on the paper: H.-E. Hwang, P. Han, Theoretical analysis for surface tilt and translation detection based on speckle photography in the Fresnel domain, Opt. Commun. 282 (2009) 351-354

In a recent paper [H.-E. Hwang, P. Han, Opt. Commun. 282 (2009) 351] a speckle based metrology system is proposed which it is claimed provides significant advantages over existing systems. In this paper, we show that the discussion presented in [H.-E. Hwang, P. Han, Opt. Commun. 282 (2009) 351] is deficient, and that several of the statements made are incorrect and/or misleading.     

Convergence of zeta functions of graphs

The -zeta function of an infinite graph (defined previously in a ball around zero) has an analytic extension. For a tower of finite graphs covered by , the normalized zeta functions of the finite graphs converge to the -zeta function of .

     

Dynamic behavior in diplatinum metalloreceptors

Diplatinum metalloreceptors anti-4a and anti-4b exhibit dynamic behavior in solution that is modified by anion binding. An X-ray crystal structure determination of anti-4a supports its proposed solution structure.     

Oligocarbamate molecular transporters: design,synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new class of transporters for drug delivery

Molecular transporters have the ability to deliver drugs and probe molecules into cells and tissues irrespective of their physical properties. We now report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new family of molecular transporters, guanidinylated oligocarbamates that enable exceptionally efficient uptake into cells and tissues. The synthesis features a solid-phase stepwise oligomerization to obtain the oligocarbamates and a single step perguanidinylation for the facile introduction of up to nine guanidinium groups. The oligocarbamate 9-mer is found to be among the most efficient transporters known, entering cells faster than even d-Arg9 and HIV-1 Tat49-57. Significantly, this new family of transporters also enables uptake into the formidable skin barrier of a probe molecule that by itself does not penetrate skin.