Noncommutativity effects in FRW scalar field cosmology

We study effects of noncommutativity on the phase space generated by a non-minimal scalar field which is conformally coupled to the background curvature in an isotropic and homogeneous FRW cosmology. These effects are considered in two cases, when the potential of scalar field has zero and nonzero constant values. The investigation is carried out by means of a comparative detailed analysis of mathematical features of the evolution of universe and the most probable universe wave functions in classically commutative and noncommutative frames and quantum counterparts. The influence of noncommutativity is explored by the two noncommutative parameters of space and momentum sectors with a relative focus on the role of the noncommutative parameter of momentum sector. The solutions are presented with some of their numerical diagrams, in the commutative and noncommutative scenarios, and their properties are compared. We find that impose of noncommutativity in the momentum sector causes more ability in tuning time solutions of variables in classical level, and has more probable states of universe in quantum level. We also demonstrate that special solutions in classical and allowed wave functions in quantum models impose bounds on the values of noncommutative parameters.     

A new characterization of <Emphasis Type="Italic">PSU</Emphasis>(<Emphasis Type="Italic">p,q</Emphasis>)

Summary Let G be a finite group. Order components of G were introduced in Chen [5]. Let OC(G) be the set of order components of G. Some finite groups are characterizable by their order components. This assertion was proved for the simple groups PSU(p,q), where p=3, 5, 7 and 11. In this paper, we prove that the simple groups PSU(p,q) can be uniquely determined by their order components, where p&ge;13 is a prime number. Main consequences of our results are the validity of a conjecture of J. G. Thompson and another conjecture of W. Shi and J. Bi for the groups under consideration.     

Electron-transfer processes in the alkylation of α,β-unsaturated sulfones by organometallic reagents

The alkyldesulfonylation of acetylenic and vinylic sulfones by organolithium and organomagnesium reagents is shown to take place via alkyl radicals arising from electron-transfer processes.     

Optimized preparation and preliminary evaluation of [64Cu]–DOTA–trastuzumab for targeting ErbB2/Neu expression

Breast cancer radioimmunoscintigraphy targeting HER2/neu expression is a growing field of work in nuclear medicine research. Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody that binds with high affinity to HER2/neu, which is over expressed on breast and other tumors. Developing new tracers for the detection of this cancer is of great interest. In this study, trastuzumab was successively labeled with [⁶⁴Cu]CuCl₂ after conjugation with DOTA-NHS-ester. The conjugate was purified by molecular filtration, the average number of DOTA conjugated per mAb was calculated and total concentration was determined by spectrophotometric method. DOTA–trastuzumab was labeled with ⁶⁴Cu produced by ⁶⁸Zn(p,αn)⁶⁴Cu nuclear reaction (30 MeV protons at 180 μA). Radiochemical purity, integrity of protein after radiolabeling and immunoreactivity of radiolabeled mAb trastuzumab with HER2/neu antigen and SkBr3 cell line were performed by RIA. In vitro stability of radiolabeled mAb in human serum was determined by thin layer chromatography. In vitro internalization studies were performed with the SkBr3 cell line and the tissue biodistribution of the ⁶⁴Cu–DOTA–trastuzumab was evaluated in wild-type rat (90 ± 5.5 μCi, 2, 6, 12, 24 h p.i.). The radioimmunoconjugate was prepared with a radiochemical purity of higher than 96 ± 0.5 % (ITLC) and specific activity as high as 5.3 μCi/μg. The average number of chelators per antibody for the conjugate used in this study was 5.8/1. The sample was showed to have similar patterns of migration in the gel electrophoresis. The ⁶⁴Cu–DOTA–trastuzumab showed high immunoreactivity towards HER2/neu antigen and SkBr3 cell line. In vitro stability of the labeled product was found to be more than 94 % in PBS and 82 ± 0.5 % in human serum over 48 h. In vitro internalization studies of the ⁶⁴Cu–DOTA–trastuzumab showed that up to 11.5 % of the radioimmunoconjugate internalized after 10 h. The accumulation of the radiolabeled mAb in liver, skin, intestine, lung, spleen, kidney and other tissues demonstrates a similar pattern to the other radiolabeled anti-HER2 immunoconjugates. ⁶⁴Cu–DOTA–trastuzumab is a potential compound for molecular imaging of PET for diagnosis and treatment studies and follow-up of HER2 expression in oncology.     

Combined Use of Post-Ion Mobility/Collision-Induced Dissociation and Chemometrics for b Fragment Ion Analysis

Although structural isomers may yield indistinguishable ion mobility (IM) arrival times and similar fragment ions in tandem mass spectrometry (MS), it is demonstrated that post-IM/collision-induced dissociation MS (post-IM/CID MS) combined with chemometrics can enable independent study of the IM-overlapped isomers. The new approach allowed us to investigate the propensity of selected b type fragment ions from AlaAlaAlaHisAlaAlaAla-NH₂ (AAA(His)AAA) heptapeptide to form different isomers. Principle component analysis (PCA) of the unresolved post-IM/CID profiles indicated the presence of two different isomer types for b₄ ⁺, b₅ ⁺, and b₆ ⁺ and a single isomer type for b₇ ⁺ fragments of AAA(His)AAA. We employed a simple-to-use interactive self-modeling mixture analysis (SIMPLISMA) to calculate the total IM profiles and CID mass spectra of b fragment isomers. The deconvoluted CID mass spectra showed discernible fragmentation patterns for the two isomers of b₄ ⁺, b₅ ⁺, and b₆ ⁺ fragments. Under our experimental conditions, calculated percentages of the “cyclic” isomers (at the 95 % confidence level for n = 3) for b₄ ⁺, b₅ ⁺, and b₆ ⁺ were 61 (± 5) %, 36 (± 5) %, and 48 (± 2) %, respectively. Results from the SIMPLISMA deconvolution of b₅ ⁺ species resembled the CID MS patterns of fully resolved IM profiles for the two b₅ ⁺ isomers. The “cyclic” isomers for each of the two-component b fragment ions were less susceptible to ion fragmentation than their “linear” counterparts.

Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Iron(II) at a Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Dithiodianiline (DTDA) and Gold Nanoparticles (GNP)

A differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric procedure was developed for the determination of trace amounts of iron(II) in the presence of iron(III) at a carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with dithiodianiline and gold nanoparticle. At the pH working of 3.0, a wide concentration range from 0.1 nM to 100 nM was observed with the detection limit of 0.05 nM. The relative standard deviation for a solution containing 50 nM of iron(II) was found to be 3.11 % (n=9). Possible interferences from the coexisting ions were also investigated. The validity of the method and applicability of the sensor were successfully tested by determining of iron(II) in lentil, wheat seed and barley seed samples.     

Fuzzy relaxed-finite step size method to enhance the instability of the fuzzy first-order reliability method using conjugate discrete map

Fuzzy reliability analysis can be implemented using two discrete optimization maps in the processes of reliability and fuzzy analysis. Actually, the efficiency and robustness of the iterative reliability methods are two main factors in the fuzzy-based reliability analysis due to the huge computational burdens and unstable results. In the structural fuzzy reliability analysis, the first-order reliability method (FORM) using discrete nonlinear map can provide a C membership function. In this paper, a discrete nonlinear conjugate map is proposed using a relaxed-finite step size method for fuzzy structural reliability analysis, namely Fuzzy conjugate relaxed-finite step size method fuzzy CRS. A discrete conjugate map is stabilized using two adaptive factors to compute the relaxed factor and step size in FORM. The framework of the proposed fuzzy structural reliability method is established using two linked iterative discrete maps as an outer loop, which constructs the membership function of the response using alpha level set optimization based on genetic operator, and the inner loop, implemented for reliability analysis using proposed conjugate relaxed-finite step size method. The fuzzy CRS and fuzzy HL-RF methods are compared to evaluate the membership functions of five structural problems with highly nonlinear limit state functions. Results demonstrated that the fuzzy CRS method is computationally more efficient and is strongly more robust than the HL-RF for fuzzy-based reliability analysis of the nonlinear structural reliability problems.     

Green synthesis of Zn nanoparticles and in situ hybridized with BSA nanoparticles for Baicalein targeted delivery mediated with glutamate receptors to U87-MG cancer cell lines

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant tumor of the brain. It has different glutamate receptor types. So, these receptors can be a suitable target for GBM treatment. The current study investigated the anticancer effects of bovine serum albumin (BSA)-Baicalein @Zn-Glu nanostructure mediated-GluRs in human glioblastoma U87 cells. BSA-Ba@Zn-Glu hybrid nanoparticles (NPs) were set and considered transporters for Baicalein (Ba) active compound delivery. BSA-Ba@Zn-Glu NPs were synthesized by a single-step reduction process. The successful production was confirmed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and hemolysis test. The cytotoxic efficacy and apoptosis rate of the nanostructures on U87 glioblastoma cells were investigated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthialzol-a-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and flow cytometry assays, respectively. The synthesized BSA-Ba@Zn-Glu nanostructures with a diameter of 142.40 ± 1.91 to 177.10 ± 1.87 nm and zeta potential of −10.57 ± 0.71 to −35.77 ± 0.60 mV are suitable for extravasation into tumor cells. The drug release from the BSA-Ba@Zn NPs showed controlled and pH-dependent behavior. In vitro results indicated that the BSA-Ba@Zn-Glu NPs significantly reduce cell viability and promote apoptosis of U87 cancer cells. It revealed the cytotoxic effect of the Baicalein and an increase in cellular uptake of nanoparticles by Glu receptors. Zn NPs were synthesized based on a green synthesis method. BSA NPs were used as a nano-platform for Glu conjugation and Ba drug delivery. BSA-Ba@Zn-Glu NPs induce cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human brain cancer cells (U87) in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, this nanostructure could be served in targeted drug delivery in vivo studies and applied along with other strategies such as X-ray irradiation as combinational therapies in future studies.