PLANNING MARINE PROTECTED AREAS: A MULTIPLE USE GAME

Abstract The EU Marine Strategy Directive (MSD) has a regional focus in its implementation. The directive obliges countries to take multiple uses and the marine strategies of neighboring countries into account when formulating marine strategies and when designating marine protected areas (MPAs). We use game theoretical analysis both to find the optimal size of MPAs with multiple uses by multiple countries and to investigate the influences of multiple uses on cooperation. To this end, we develop a model in which two specific uses, fisheries and nature conservation, by multiple countries are considered in a strategic framework. The results of the paper suggest that EU marine policy such as the MSD and the coming Maritime Policy may help to secure the highest possible benefits from these MPAs if these policies induce cooperation among countries, but only if policies force countries to consider all possible benefits of MPAs. In fact cooperation on a single issue may give a worse outcome than the noncooperative equilibrium. The results also indicate that cooperation may be hard to achieve because of defector incentives, and therefore policy measures should be strict in enforcing cooperation on all possible uses of MPAs.     

Synthesis,Crystal Structure and Catalytic Properties of a New 2D Nickel(II) Coordination Polymer Based on Flexible Bis(benzimidazole)

A new Ni(II) coordination polymer [Ni(L)2(SCN)2]n(L = 1,4-bis(benzimidazol-1-yl)butane) was synthesized hydrothermally and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 9.4760(3), b = 24.0408(8), c = 16.5871(5) A, β = 99.832(3)°, V = 3723.2(2) A3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.348 g/cm3, F(000) = 1576, the final R = 0.0486 and w R = 0.0936 for 2938 observed reflections with I 2σ(I) for the complex. Structural analysis shows that the coordination polymer possesses a 2D(4,4) layer structure which is composed of Ni(II) centers bridged by L ligand with two kinds of conformations and further assembled into a 3D supramolecular network via π-π stacking interactions. In addition, the fluorescence and catalytic properties, for the degradation of Congo red, of the complex were investigated.     

CHARGE ACCUMULATION IN THE REACTION CENTER OF PHOTOSYSTEM 2

Abstract— The significance of the accumulation of positive charge in the reaction center of the oxygen-evolving system of photosynthesis is discussed. Many experiments on delayed and prompt fluorescence are explained by the electric field caused by positive charges on the various components at the oxidizing side of the photosystem 2 reaction center. A molecular model for this reaction center is proposed.     

On the Use of the Modelling System GAMS at an Energy Study Centre

Mathematical programming models play an important role in theenergy policy studies performed for a variety of clients bythe Netherlands Energy Research Foundation. Initially, modelswere built with the use of software tools developed in-house.Limitations imposed by these tools, coupled with an increaseddemand for various policy studies, prompted a switch to a differentsoftware technology which resulted in the choice of the GeneralAlgebraic Modelling System (GAMS). The new software technologygreatly improved not only the model development process butalso the reliability and flexibility associated with the useof models. Despite these improvements, further extensions inmodelling technology are needed in order to guarantee that amodelling system can also function effectively as an efficientdecision support system.     

On a Class of Similarity Solutions of the Equation ut(|u|m-1ux)x with m -1

Self similar solutions of the one-dimensional porous-medium equation are studied in thispaper. These solutions emerge from initial values that consistof two onstant states: one non-positive for x < 0 and onenon–negative for x > 0. With a diffusivity of the form we consider, for m > 0 sign-change solutions, and for m m (–1,0] non-negativesolutions.The method we use is based on a transformation whichmaps the ordinary differential equation for f into a singularelliptic boundary-value problem with Dirichlet conditions. Specialattention is given to the behaviour of f near zero. We alsopresent a number of numerical results.     

COLLECTIVE DECISION MAKING IN AN INTERNATIONAL RIVER POLLUTION MODEL

In this paper, we study international river pollution problems. We introduce a model in which countries located along a river from upstream to downstream derive benefits from causing pollution, but also incur environmental costs from experiencing its own pollution and the pollution of all its upstream countries. The total welfare, being the sum of all benefits minus the sum of all costs, is maximized when all countries cooperate. Several principles from international water law are applied to find reasonable and fair distributions of the total welfare that can be obtained under full cooperation. Such a distribution of the welfare at efficient pollution levels can be implemented by monetary compensations.     

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES OF PHTHALOCYANINES—VIII. CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION INV–79 CHINESE HAMSTER CELLS AND PHOTOTOXICITY OF SELECTIVELY SULFONATED ALUMINUM PHTHALOCYANINES

Abstract— Water soluble chloro aluminum phthalocyanines sulfonated to different degrees are studied for phototoxicity and cellular distribution inV–79 Chinese hamster cells. The more hydrophobic disulfonated dyes, with sulfonate substituents on adjacent benzyl groups of the phthalocyanine ring structure, exhibited the best cell penetrating properties and the highest phototoxicity. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the dye was uniformly distributed in the cytoplasm but absent in the nucleus. The greater cell membrane penetrating properties of the lower as compared to the higher sulfonated dyes are attributed to the amphiphilic nature of the former.