Cyclopropane Adsorption on Zeolites Studied by IR Spectroscopy: II. Adsorption and Conversion of Cyclopropane on Na- and Ca-Exchanged Zeolite Y

The adsorption and isomerization of cyclopropane on the calcium- and sodium-exchanged zeolite Y are studied by IR spectroscopy. Cyclopropane is adsorbed on CaY in two different forms. Weaker adsorption is related to residual sodium ions, which were not completely removed from the zeolite by ion exchange. This form can be removed from the surface after evacuation of the samples at room temperature. Stronger adsorption is attributed to the Ca ions. It is stable up to 100°C. The corresponding diffuse-reflectance spectrum indicates the C _2v symmetry of the cyclopropane complex with Ca ions. At 200°C cyclopropane adsorbed on the calcium-exchanged zeolite converts to propylene. On the sodium-exchanged zeolite, this reaction only occurs at 400°C. The reaction coordinate of cyclopropane isomerization on CaY is related to the simultaneous cleavage of the C–C bond in the cyclopropane ring and hydrogen atom transfer from one of the CH₂ fragments to another. The reaction coordinate corresponds to a combination of the stretching vibration of the C–C bond with the fan vibration of the CH₂ group and the stretching vibration of the CH bond. These composite vibrations result in the strong polarization of the C–C and C–H bonds and, hence, exhibit anomalously high molar absorption coefficients in the IR spectrum.     

Use of the IR spectra of adsorbed ethane and propane molecules to characterize the strength of active sites in zeolites and to analyze the activation of C-H bonds in these paraffins

The adsorption and activation of ethane and propane on the hydrogen and cationic forms of mordenite, zeolite ZSM-5, and zeolite Y were studied by diffuse-reflectance IR spectroscopy. The effect of the polarization of these molecules by adsorption sites on the intensities and shifts of absorption bands due to C-H stretching vibrations were studied. It was found that weak adsorption species were formed on the hydrogen forms of the above zeolites. In this case, both the intensity distributions and the positions of absorption bands due to C-H stretching vibrations were almost independent of the nature of zeolites. However, both absorption band maximum positions and relative intensity distributions changed upon paraffin adsorption on the cationic forms. It was also found that relative intensity distributions and shifts of absorption bands due to C-H stretching vibrations strongly depended on the nature of cations and zeolites. In this case, the initially totally symmetrical C-H vibrations were found most strongly disturbed. The low-frequency shifts and relative intensities of absorption bands due to these vibrations for various cations and zeolites were found to increase in the following orders: H < Na < Ca < Mg < Zn and zeolite Y < Mord ≈ ZSM-5. The experimental results suggest that ethane and propane molecules can be used as molecular probes for acquiring information on the nature and properties of acidbase sites in zeolites. In this case, both the low-frequency shifts and the relative intensities of absorption bands due to C-H stretching vibrations can be used as measures to characterize the nature of cations and zeolites. However, the latter was found to be much more sensitive to the nature of active sites.     

Adsorption properties of oxidized gallium-modified zeolite ZSM-5 from diffuse-reflectance IR-spectroscopic and quantum-chemical data: II. Interaction with carbon monoxide and water

Diffuse-reflectance IR spectroscopy was used to study the adsorption and subsequent high-temperature transformations of water and carbon monoxide molecules on the oxidation-treated gallium-modified zeolite Ga/HZSM-5. The results were correlated with the corresponding quantum-chemical calculation data. Usually, it is thought that the oxo ions [Ga=O]⁺ are formed in the oxidation of Ga/HZSM-5. Based on the experimental and calculated data, the possible reactions of the gallium oxo ions with the above molecules are considered. The oxo ions were found highly reactive, and it is likely that polynuclear gallium oxide nanoclusters were formed in the oxidation of the gallium-substituted zeolite Ga/HZSM-5. The Ga⁺ ions, which appeared in the course of Ga/HZSM-5 reduction, were partially oxidized by water at 573 K; in turn, this could initiate the formation of polynuclear nanoclusters. It was found that ～25% of the Ga⁺ ions were oxidized in the interaction with water to liberate molecular hydrogen. The thermal reduction of a nitrous oxide-preoxidized Ga/HZSM-5 sample with carbon monoxide was studied, and a conclusion on dissimilar states of oxygen bound to gallium was drawn.     

多相/均相TiO2/N-羟酰亚胺混合体系中可见光诱导分子氧可控光催化氧化苄基反应

均相催化和多相催化通常被认为是独立甚至相互对立的学科.本文提出了一种新型的用于分子氧选择性氧化烷基苯的杂多酸/均相混合催化体系.该催化体系由N-羟基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(NHPI,用于自由基链式反应的均相有机催化剂)和纳米TiO2(多相紫外光活性光氧化催化剂)两种组分组成.NHPI与TiO2的协同作用使光氧化活性从紫外光转移到可见光,并产生邻苯二甲酰亚胺-N-氧基(PINO)自由基.NHPI/PINO催化的自由基链式反应能够在没有额外光输入的情况下进行,从而从根本上提高能源效率.通过控制NHPI/TiO2比率优化产物选择性,进而使烷基芳烃优先形成过氧化氢或酮.     

Compact Neutron Sources for Condensed-Matter Physics in Russia and Abroad: State of Affairs and Prospects

Crystallography Reports - A concept of a project of compact neutron source (CNS), dedicated for academical research and industrial application (DARIA), is presented. Several versions of neutron...     

Synthesis of new chiral cis-myrtanyl sulfonamides

Russian Chemical Bulletin - New chiral sulfonamides with alkyl, aryl and heterocyclic fragments were obtained from (?)-β-pinene in yields up to 65%. The product obtained could be...     

Kinetics of Plasticization of Cellulose Nitrate

Russian Journal of General Chemistry - Temperature effect on the kinetics of plasticization of cellulose nitrate/plasticizer compositions is studied. The obtained experimental data are used to...     

Classical characteristics of the bellman equation in constructions of grid optimal synthesis

We consider optimal control problems with fixed final time and terminal-integral cost functional, and address the question of constructing a grid optimal synthesis (a universal feedback) on the basis of classical characteristics of the Bellman equation. To construct an optimal synthesis, we propose a numerical algorithm that relies on the necessary optimality conditions (the Pontryagin maximum principle) and sufficient conditions in the Hamiltonian form. We obtain estimates for the efficiency of the numerical method. The method is illustrated by an example of the numerical solution of a nonlinear optimal control problem.     

Electron-withdrawing effect of α-substituents in acyl nitrates on the polarization of the O–NO2 bond

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