Electron beam epitaxy of alloy semiconductors

Abstract

It was investigated that, when an Al evaporated layer on a GaP (GaAs, GaAs_1?y P _y ) substrate was bombarded with total fluences of 0.1?1.0 × 10¹⁸ electrons cm^?2 at 7 MeV and at 50°C, a thin heteroepitaxial layer of Al _x Ga_1?x P (Al _x Ga_1?x As, Al _x Ga_1?x As_1?y P _y ) crystal was grown on S-doped (111), (100) and (110) GaP [(110) Cr, O-doped GaAs, (100) Te-doped GaAS_1?y P _y ] substrates.

Evidence for the creation of the epilayers before annealing was obtained from measurements using an X-ray diffractometer, an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, a reflection high-energy electron diffractometer, a transmission electron microscope and a scanning transmission electron microscope. In the case of Al/GaP, the epitaxial layers of Al_～0.25Ga_～0.75P, Al_～0.5Ga_～0.5P and Al_～0.75Ga_～0.25P were grown on (111), (100) and (110) GaP substrates, respectively. Their compositions did not vary with the total electron fluence.     

Structure of dichlorine monoxide as studied by microwave spectroscopy. Determination of equilibrium structure by a modified mass dependence method

The microwave spectra of four isotopic species of dichlorine monoxide (OCl₂) have been observed, and the rotational constants have been obtained. The r_m structure for each isotopic species has been determined by Watson's method. The equilibrium structure has been estimated by taking proper averages of r_m structures to be $\text{r}{}_{\mathrm{e}}\text{(OCl) = 1.69587(7)}\text{A}\text{?}$ and ∠_eClOCl = 110.886(6)°. The general applicability and the merit of the present method for estimating the equilibrium structure are pointed out.     

Phase transitions in N—n-propylpyridinium-TCNQ2 and N—n-butylpyridinium-TCNQn at high pressures

The electrical resistivity of N-n-propylpyridinium-TCNQ₂ (NPPy-TCNQ₂) and N-n-butylpyridinium-TCNQ_n (NBPy-TCNQ_n) has been measured as a function of temperature and pressure. Phase transitions in these salts have been studied at high pressures. The transition temperature (T_c) in NPPy-TCNQ₂ at atmospheric pressure increased with increasing pressure at the rate of dT_c/dP = + 12.0 degkbar^?1. The value of volume change calculated from the Clapeylon-Clausius relation was + 4.4 cm³ mol^?1. The electrical resistivity along the a- and c-axis increased with increasing pressure below 7 kbar. This anomalous electrical behaviour is closely related to the crystal structure of NPPy-TCNQ₂. The resistivity dropped sharply at about 11 kbar. This abrupt change may be due to a new pressure induced phase transition.The T_c of the NBPy-TCNQ_n increased remarkably with increasing pressure up to 0.7 kbar, above which the phase transition disappeared. The phase transitions of N-n-alkyl-substituted pyridinium TCNQ salts depend strongly on the nature of cations.     

Spin fluctuations of Y(Mn1−xAlx)2 and Y1−xScxMn2

The thermal expansion and low temperature and low temperature specific heat were measured for Y_1−xScxMn2. The results are discussed in terms of spin fluctuations and compared with those of Y(Mn_1−xAl_x)₂, which show al local moment character. It is revealed that Y_1−xSc_xMn₂ is a typical nearly antiferromagnet in which giant spin fluctuations are thermally excited.     

Molecular structure and puckering potential of gas-phase 1-pyrroline as determined by microwave and infrared spectroscopy

The microwave spectrum of 1-pyrroline has been measured from 8 to 48 GHz. The transitions have been assigned to those of the ground state and the four lowest excited states of the ring-puckering vibration of monomer, which is a five-membered ring molecule with one CN double bond. The trimer, which exists in the liquid phase, has not been detected in the gas phase. The geometrical structure of the monomer has been estimated by an ab initio calculation and the trimer by a molecular mechanics calculation. The former is consistent with the experimental rotational constants. A gas-phase infrared spectrum has also been measured, and the ring-puckering potential has been determined by an analysis of the combination bands of the ring-puckering mode and the ring-stretching modes. The potential is described using a puckering coordinate, z, as V(z) = az² + bz⁴, where $\text{a = ?3.358(16) × 10}{}^4\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{A}\text{?}{}^{\mathrm{?2}}$ and $\text{b = 1.345(9) × 10}{}^6\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{A}\text{?}{}^{\mathrm{?4}}$; these values are intermediate of the corresponding values for cyclopentene and 1-pyrazoline. The nuclear quadrupole coupling constants, χ_aa = ?4.39(10), χ_bb = 1.04(10), and χ_cc = 3.35(10) MHz, have been determined by an analysis of well-resolved hyperfine splittings. These constants have been reproduced by an ab initio calculation with a 4-31G(N¹) basis set.     

Continuous measurements of stable isotopes of carbon dioxide and water vapour in an urban atmosphere: isotopic variations associated with meteorological conditions

Isotope ratios of carbon dioxide and water vapour in the near-surface air were continuously measured for one month in an urban area of the city of Nagoya in central Japan in September 2010 using laser spectroscopic techniques. During the passages of a typhoon and a stationary front in the observation period, remarkable changes in the isotope ratios of CO₂ and water vapour were observed. The isotope ratios of both CO₂ and water vapour decreased during the typhoon passage. The decreases can be attributed to the air coming from an industrial area and the rainout effects of the typhoon, respectively. During the passage of the stationary front, δ¹³C–CO₂ and δ¹⁸O–CO₂ increased, while δ²H–H₂Ov and δ¹⁸O–H₂Ov decreased. These changes can be attributed to the air coming from rural areas and the air surrounding the observational site changing from a subtropical air mass to a subpolar air mass during the passage of the stationary front. A clear relationship was observed between the isotopic CO₂ and water vapour and the meteorological phenomena. Therefore, isotopic information of CO₂ and H₂Ov could be used as a tracer of meteorological information.     

Analysis of dynamic behavior of human middle ear using a finite-element method.

Applying the general-purpose finite-element package program (ISAP), a three-dimensional finite-element method (FEM) model of a human right middle ear, which included ossicles, was made and the mechanical properties and boundary conditions of the middle ear were determined by a comparison between the numerical results obtained from the FEM analysis and the measurement results of the fresh cadavers, normal subjects and patients, which were obtained by our developed sweep frequency middle ear analyzer (MEA). The "Elastic" boundary condition consisting of linear and torsional springs at the eardrum attachments to the annular ligament was more appropriate for the actual condition than "fully clamped" one. Rotational axis of the ossicular chain was assumed to be a fixed straight line from the anterior process of the malleus to the short process of the incus, and a load of the ossicular chain and cochlea was simplified to be expressed by the stiffness of the cochlea. Vibration patterns of the eardrum and ossicles at the first resonance frequency, obtained under these assumptions, were in agreement with the experimental results obtained by means of time-averaged holography and by using a video measuring system, except for the relatively large displacements at the tympanic ring.     

Schottky metal library for ZNO-based UV photodiode fabricated by the combinatorial ion beam-assisted deposition

A binary alloy Schottky barrier diode on zinc oxide (ZnO) was developed using the combinatorial ion beam-assisted deposition system. The compositional fraction of the binary alloy was continuously varied using the composition-spread technique, to control the Schottky barrier height. After metal deposition, patterned Schottky diodes were fabricated on a ZnO single-crystal substrate. Pt-Ru alloy was selected from the work function viewpoint. Our experiments showed that the compositional fraction of the Schottky binary alloys changed continuously as designed and the Schottky barrier heights measured by current-voltage (I-V) measurements increased with increasing Pt content. Maximum barrier height difference for ZnO was 137 meV. Using ion beam deposition in parallel with the combinatorial system showed that the Schottky barrier heights for ZnO can be controlled by binary metal alloying.