Local detrended fluctuation analysis for spectral red-edge parameters extraction

Nowadays, spectrum technology makes it possible to nondestructively monitor crop and provide real-time diagnostic advice. Spectral red-edge parameters are important detection target for the growth of rapeseed. In this work, we propose a new method to acquire the rapeseed’s spectral red-edge parameters based on local detrended fluctuation analysis (L-DFA). In practice, by using the L-DFA, local Hurst exponent of the spectrum is calculated firstly. And then, six traditional red-edge parameter extraction methods, namely maximum first derivative method, adjusted linear extrapolation method, linear four-point interpolation method, inverted Gaussian method, Lagrangian interpolation method, and polynomial fitting interpolation, are employed to act on the estimated local Hurst exponent, and thus four red-edge parameters, i.e., red-edge position, red-edge amplitude, and left and right red-edge area, are obtained. In our experiments, by using the above four local Hurst exponent-based red-edge parameters as argument, a prediction model is developed to forecast the SPAD values (soil and plant analyzer development, often used as a parameter to indicate the chlorophyll content) for the five rapeseed’s growth periods based on random decision forest method. The results show that the local Hurst exponent-based red-edge feature can produce better model effect than the original spectrum-based one for the all phenological periods. Significance test for the four kinds of plant patterns shows that there is huge difference of the proposed four-dimensional red-edge features between the transplant and direct plant in the whole process of rapeseed’s growth. The differences between the other three groups of plant factors (two planting densities, two fertilizer types, and two weed controls) are not significant in certain specific growth periods of rapeseed. These findings provide a basis for studying difference of rapeseed yield and oil differences between different planting patterns.     

特种氧化铝负载氧化钛作为异丙醇还原肉桂醛的高性能催化剂

肉桂醇在香料、香精以及医药等诸多高端领域有着重要应用,常通过肉桂醛加氢法制备.由于热力学上肉桂醛中C=C–C=O官能团的C=C双键加氢比C=O双键更有优势,因此不管是从学术角度还是工业生产角度来看,高选择性还原C=O基团都是一项极具挑战的任务.肉桂醛加氢反应的副产物苯丙醛以及苯丙醇的生成不仅导致肉桂醇收率降低,而且大大增加分离纯化成本,因此设计并制备出有利于C=O官能团高选择性氢化的高效催化剂具有重要意义.Meer-wein-Ponndorf-Verley(MPV)反应以异丙醇为氢供体,是一种可选择加氢C=C–C=O中C=O官能团的反应.目前用于MPV还原的催化剂(均相或多相)在实际应用中通常选择性不高,使得目标产物得率低且分离成本高.本文报道了负载于一种特殊氧化铝表面的氧化钛催化剂(记为TiOx/γ-Al2O3-nt),其催化肉桂醛经MPV还原为肉桂醇的催化性能优异,表征结果发现该特殊氧化铝可导致表面氧化钛呈较高比例的低价钛物种高度分散状态,从而成为一种高效的肉桂醛MPV还原催化剂.TEM结果表明,这种特殊氧化铝和普通氧化铝在形貌上有很大差别,具有比较规整的一维纳米粒子形貌.综合XRD,TEM,Raman以及H/D同位素交换表征结果,可得到氧化钛高度分散在氧化铝表面的结论.原位XPS结果表明,Ti-Ox/γ-Al2O3-nt催化剂表面具有较高浓度的Ti(III)物种,而以普通氧化铝为载体的催化剂TiOx/γ-Al2O3-c在相同的还原条件下其表面Ti(Ⅲ)物种浓度较低,这种差异的来源是具有规整形貌的一维纳米氧化铝提供了更加均匀的表面位点使得表面高度分散的氧化钛容易被还原为低价态.NH3-TPD结果表明,TiOx/γ-Al2O3-nt催化剂具有高的L酸酸量.肉桂醛MPV还原反应结果显示,表面负载氧化钛的特殊氧化铝(TiOx/γ-Al2O3-nt)是一种非常高效的催化剂,具有很高的目标产物肉桂醇的选择性,几乎观察不到副产物的生成,多次套用实验结果也证实该催化剂具有良好的稳定性.该催化剂的高性能可归纳为以下两个方面的原因:一方面,L酸是MPV还原反应的活性中心,该催化剂具有高的L酸酸量,因此转化率高;另一方面,其表面较高浓度的Ti(III)物种可以使肉桂醛以垂直吸附模式(吸附终端为C=O)在催化剂表面吸附,这种吸附模式可以高选择性地还原为目标产物肉桂醇,因此同时具有很高的选择性.     

The application of the extremum principles for a Bingham solid

Summary An extension of the extremum principle concerned with statically admissible stress fields for boundary value problems of an incompressible rigid visco-plastic (Bingham) solid is derived. This extension is an inequality that gives a lower bound for the rate of work of the unknown surface tractions in certain visco-plastic boundary value problems. Lower bounds are obtained for the torque required to twist a prismatic visco-plastic bar of square crossection and these lower bounds are presented along with upper bounds obtained from an inequality that was derived in a previous paper¹).Nomenclature k yield stress in pure shear - coefficient of viscosity - _ij stress tensor referred to rectangular cartesian axes Ox _i - s _ij stress deviator tensor - T _i surface traction - J (1/2s _ij s _ij )^1/2 - v _i velocity vector - _ij = rate of deformation tensor - n _i outward unit normal to surface - I (2 _{ij ij} )^1/2 - [v] magnitude of a velocity discontinuity in flow of a rigid perfectly plastic solid - S surface - V volume - S _t part of surface upon which T _i is prescribed - S _v part of surface upon which v _i is prescribed - S _d surface of velocity discontinuity in flow of a rigid plastic solid - x, y, z rectangular cartesian coordinates - u, v, w velocity components in the x, y and z directions respectively - rate of twist per unit length - T torque     

事件、过程与政治文化—近年来中古政治史研究的评述与思考

近年来中古政治史研究表现出“纵的停滞”与“横的拓展”的特征,传统以“政治集团”或“党派分野”为中心的政治史研究领域陷入瓶颈,通过社会网络这一概念的引入,认识政治活动中的“政见−庇护”复合结构,有助于完善传统的政治集团分析范式。“政治过程”与“政治文化”这两个观察维度的引入,拓展了政治史研究的范畴。受新史学的影响,作为政治史研究基本单位的“事件”曾饱受批评,反思传统历史学编纂与研究中对因果关系的构拟,发现与提取“决定性的瞬间”,才能重新赋予“事件史”研究以合法性。     

Conservative difference methods for the Klein–Gordon–Zakharov equations

Firstly an implicit conservative finite difference scheme is presented for the initial-boundary problem of the one space dimensional Klein–Gordon–Zakharov (KGZ) equations. The existence of the difference solution is proved by Leray–Schauder fixed point theorem. It is proved by the discrete energy method that the scheme is uniquely solvable, unconditionally stable and second order convergent for U   in _l∞$l_{\infty }$ norm, and for N   in _l2$l_2$ norm on the basis of the priori estimates. Then an explicit difference scheme is proposed for the KGZ equations, on the basis of priori estimates and two important inequalities about norms, convergence of the difference solutions is proved. Because it is explicit and not coupled it can be computed by a parallel method. Numerical experiments with the two schemes are done for several test cases. Computational results demonstrate that the two schemes are accurate and efficient.     

非线性Schrodinger方程的一种数值模拟方法

该文通过对非线性Schr\"{o}dinger方程增加耗散项,提出了一种新的三层线性差分格式.证明了该格式满足连续方程所具有的两个守恒量及收敛性和稳定性.通过数值例子与已知格式进行比较,结果表明该格式计算简单且具有较高精度.     

A conservative compact difference scheme for the coupled Klein–Gordon–Schrödinger equation

In this article, a conservative compact difference scheme is presented for the periodic initial‐value problem of Klein–Gordon–Schrödinger equation. On the basis of some inequalities about norms and the priori estimates, convergence of the difference solution is proved with order O(h⁴ +τ ²) in maximum norm. Numerical experiments demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the compact scheme. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013     

Measuring Brønsted acid densites in zeolite HY with diphosphine molecules and solid state NMR spectroscopy

The use of 31P MAS NMR spectroscopy, combined with diphenyldiphosphine Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2 probe molecules with two basic groups (n = 1, 3, and 6, corresponding to maximum P-P separations of approximately 3.0, 5.6, and 9.4 A, respectively), to investigate both acidities and distances between Br?nsted acid sites in zeolite HY (Si/Al = 2.6) is demonstrated in this communication. More than 90% of the Ph2P(CH2)6PPh2 molecules are doubly protonated on zeolite HY at a loading level of 12 molecules per unit cell, indicating that there are at least 12 pairs of Br?nsted acid sites about 9 A apart. Similarly, experiments involving Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2 show that there are only six pairs of Br?nsted acid sites separated by a distance of 6 A. Only approximately 60% of the Ph2PCH2PPh2 molecules were doubly protonated for a loading level of 4 molecules/unit cell, as not all of the Br?nsted acid sites were sufficiently acidic to protonate both ends of this molecule. 31P 2D double quantum NMR spectroscopy was used to confirm the spectral assignments.     

ICP-AES法测定耐磨合金钢中Ni、Cr、Mo、V和W等十二种元素

本文采用王水、硫磷混酸溶解试样，研究了应用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ技术测定耐磨合金钢中Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｏ、Ｖ、Ｗ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｏ、Ｌａ、Ｃｅ、Ｔｉ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｕ１２种元素的方法。试验了硫酸、磷酸用量对测定的影响和共存离子干扰，方法相对标准偏差为１．４０％—３．２２％，回收率为９６．０％—１０８．１％。对试样进行分析，结果满意。