Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen. 237. Mitteilung. (2S, 3R, 4R, 6R)-2,3,4-Trihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexanon aus zwei Actinomyceten-Stämmen

(2S, 3R, 4R, 6R)-2,3,4-Trihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexanone from Two Strains of Actinomycetes A tetrazolium-blue positive compound was isolated from two strains of acinomycetes. Its constitution and relative configuration 1 were determined by spectroscopic methods, and the absolute configuration by degradation to (+)-(R)-methylsuccinic acid.     

Synthesis and Structure of K[Cd(O2N‐C6H4‐NNN‐C6H4‐NO2)3], an Anionic 1, 3‐Bis(4‐nitrophenyl)triazenido Complex of Cadmium

The reaction of cadmium acetate in methanol with 1, 3‐bis(4‐nitrophenyl)triazene in THF in the presence of KOH yields K[Cd(O₂NC₆H₄NNNC₆H₄NO₂)₃] in form of hexagonal prismatic, red crystals with the trigonal space group R3¯ and a = 12.229(2), c = 48.988(10) Å and Z = 6. In the anionic cadmium complexes, which are located along the threefold axis, the Cd atoms are coordinated in a trigonal prismatic arrangement by the atoms N(1) and N(3) of three triazenido ligands. The potassium cations are coordinated icosahedrally by oxygen atoms of each one nitro group of six neighbouring anionic complexes. The Cd‐N distances are 2.376(4) and 2.350(4) Å, and the K‐O distances are in the range of 2.833(6) to 3.365(6) Å.     

Algorithms for cardinal interpolation using box splines and radial basis functions

Summary We describe an algorithm for (bivariate) cardinal interpolation which can be applied to translates of basis functions which include box splines or radial basis functions. The algorithm is based on a representation of the Fourier transform of the fundamental interpolant, hence Fast Fourier Transform methods are available. In numerical tests the 4-directional box spline (transformed to the characteristical submodule of ²), the thin plate spline, and the multiquadric case give comparably equal and good results.     

Synthese und Struktur von (PPh4)3[Re2NCl10]

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of (PPh₄)₃[Re₂NCl₁₀] The rhenium(V) nitrido complex (PPh₄)₃[Re₂NCl₁₀] ( 1 ) is obtained from the reaction of (PPh₄)[ReNCl₄] with 1, 3‐dioxan‐(2‐ylmethyl)diphenyl phosphine in CH₂Cl₂/CH₃CN in form of orange red crystals with the composition 1 ·2CH₂Cl₂ crystallizing in the triclinic space group P1¯ with a = 1210.7(2), b = 1232.5(1), c = 2756.3(5) pm, α = 99.68(1)°, β = 100.24(1)°, γ = 98.59(1)° and Z = 2. The crystal structure contains two symmetry independent, centrosymmetrical complex anions [Re₂NCl₁₀]^3‐ with a symmetrical nitrido bridge Re=N=Re and distances Re(1) ‐ N(1) = 181.34(5) and Re(2) ‐ N(2) = 181.51(4) pm.     

On the influence of nuclear fluctuations on calculated NMR shieldings of benzene and ethylene: a Feynman path integral–ab initio investigation*

The absolute magnetic shieldings of benzene and ethylene have been theoretically studied under the conditions of thermal equilibrium, i.e., under explicit consideration of the nuclear degrees of freedom. For this purpose we have combined the Feynman path integral quantum Monte Carlo (PIMC) formalism with the gauge‐including atomic orbital (GIAO) approach in the Hartree–Fock (HF) approximation. The HF operator has been employed to derive the NMR parameters of the two hydrocarbons via an ensemble averaging over large sets of molecular configurations that are populated in thermal equilibrium. The nuclear fluctuations are responsible for a deshielding of the nuclei relative to the shieldings at the vibrationless minimum of the potential energy surface (PES). The influence of the nuclear degrees of freedom is largest for the isotropic part of the ¹³C shielding tensor. The theoretical results can be explained on the basis of simple geometrical considerations. The bond lengths in thermal equilibrium are larger than the bond lengths at the minimum of the PES. This length enhancement is the prerequisite for a deshielding of the nuclei in thermal equilibrium. The vibrational corrections of the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) parameters of benzene and ethylene are quantum driven; classical thermal degrees of freedom of the nuclei are of minor importance. Conceptual problems of theoretical studies of NMR parameters on the basis of a single molecular geometry are emphasized. The influence of the spatial uncertainty of the nuclei becomes decisive in molecules with light atoms. It is pointed out that the combination of the PIMC formalism with electronic Hamiltonians of state‐of‐the‐art quality renders possible accurate determinations of NMR parameters. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 86: 280–296, 2002     

The discovery of Kv1.5 blockers as a case study for the application of virtual screening approaches

Different virtual screening techniques are available as alternatives to high throughput screening. These different techniques have been rarely used together on the same target. We had the opportunity to do so in order to discover novel blockers of the voltage-dependent potassium channel Kv1.5, a potential target for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. Our corporate database was searched, using a protein-based pharmacophore, derived from a homology model, as query. As a result, 244 molecules were screened in vitro, 19 of them (7.8%) were found to be active. Five of them, belonging to five different chemical classes, exhibited IC50 values under 10 microM. The performance of this structure-based virtual screening protocol has been compared with those of similarity and ligand-based pharmacophore searches. The analysis of the results supports the conventional wisdom of using as many virtual screening techniques as possible in order to maximize the chance of finding as many chemotypes as possible.     

Second‐Generation Inhibitors for the Metalloprotease Neprilysin Based on Bicyclic Heteroaromatic Scaffolds: Synthesis,Biological Activity,and X‐Ray Crystal‐Structure Analysis

A new class of nonpeptidic inhibitors of the Zn^II‐dependent metalloprotease neprilysin with IC₅₀ values in the nanomolar activity range (0.034–0.30 μM ) were developed based on structure‐based de novo design (Figs. 1 and 2). The inhibitors feature benzimidazole and imidazo[4,5‐c]pyridine moieties as central scaffolds to undergo H‐bonding to Asn542 and Arg717 and to engage in favorable π‐π stacking interactions with the imidazole ring of His711. The platform is decorated with a thiol vector to coordinate to the Zn^II ion and an aryl residue to occupy the hydrophobic S1′ pocket, but lack a substituent for binding in the S2′ pocket, which remains closed by the side chains of Phe106 and Arg110 when not occupied. The enantioselective syntheses of the active compounds (+)‐ 1 , (+)‐ 2 , (+)‐ 25 , and (+)‐ 26 were accomplished using Evans auxiliaries (Schemes 2, 4, and 5). The inhibitors (+)‐ 2 and (+)‐ 26 with an imidazo[4,5‐c]pyridine core are ca. 8 times more active than those with a benzimidazole core ((+)‐ 1 and (+)‐ 25 ) (Table 1). The predicted binding mode was established by X‐ray analysis of the complex of neprilysin with (+)‐ 2 at 2.25‐Å resolution (Fig. 4 and Table 2). The ligand coordinates with its sulfanyl residue to the Zn^II ion, and the benzyl residue occupies the S1′ pocket. The 1H‐imidazole moiety of the central scaffold forms the required H‐bonds to the side chains of Asn542 and Arg717. The heterobicyclic platform additionally undergoes π‐π stacking with the side chain of His711 as well as edge‐to‐face‐type interactions with the side chain of Trp693. According to the X‐ray analysis, the substantial advantage in biological activity of the imidazo‐pyridine inhibitors over the benzimidazole ligands arises from favorable interactions of the pyridine N‐atom in the former with the side chain of Arg102. Unexpectedly, replacement of the phenyl group pointing into the deep S1′ pocket by a biphenyl group does not enhance the binding affinity for this class of inhibitors.     

Loss of H2O from M + t-Butyl Complex Ions of Benzyl Alcohol in Isobutane Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry

In isobutane chemical ionization mass spectrometry benzyl alcohol exhibits ions at m/z 147 (‘M + 39’) that arise by a loss of H₂O from [M + C₄H₉]⁺, i.e. ‘M + 57’ complex ions. Electrophilic aromatic substitution of a proton at an ortho-position of neutral C₆H₅CH₂OH with [t-C₄H₉]⁺ and, alternatively, nucleophilic substitution of H₂O at the benzylic carbon in \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm C_6 H_5 CH_2}\mathop {\rm O}\limits^+ {\rm H}_2 $\end{document} with CH₂?C (CH₃)₂ are discussed as possible pathways. Evidence in favor of the latter is derived from the analysis of C₆D₅CH₂OH and C₆H₅CD₂OH for the origin of the H-atoms lost in H₂O. The inferred ion structure of m/z 147 is verified by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy (MIKE.) measurements of its collision-activated (CA.) decomposition. MIKE./CA. spectra of mass-selected m/z 147 ions, once generated by (CI(i-C₄H₁₀) from benzyl alcohol and, once, from 2-methyl-4-phenyl-2-butanol match closely and, thus, reflect identical ion structures. With reference to the simple genesis of this ion from the latter precursor, the structure in question can be concluded to be \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm C_6 H_5 CH_2 CH_2}\mathop {\rm C}\limits^+ ({\rm CH}_3)_2 $\end{document} .     

Structural Comparison of Oligoribonucleotides and Their 2′-Deoxy-2′-fluoro Analogs by heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy

1-(2′-Deoxy-2′-fluororibofuranosyl)pyrimidines were synthesized and incorporated into an RNA oligonucleotide to give 5′-r[C_fGC_f(U_fU_fC_fG)GC_fG]-3′ (C_f: short form of C = 2′-deoxy-2′-fluorocytidine; U_f: short form of U = 2′-deoxy-2′-fluorouridine). The oligomer was investigated by means of UV, CD, and NMR spectroscopy to address the question of how F-labels can substitute ¹³C-labels in the ribose ring. Through-space (NOE) and through-bond (scalar couplings) experiments were performed that make use of the ameliorated chemical-shift dispersion induced by ¹⁹F as an alternative heteronucleus. A comparison of the structures of fluorinated vs. unmodified oligomer is given. It turns out that the fluorinated oligonucleotide exists in a 14:3 equilibrium between a hairpin and a duplex conformation, in contrast to the unmodified oligonucleotide which predominantly adopts the hairpin conformation. Furthermore, the fluorinated hairpin structure adopts two distinct conformations that differ in the sugar conformation of the U and C nucleoside units, as detected by the ¹⁹F-NMR chemical shifts. The role of the 2′-OH group as stabilizing element in RNA secondary structure is discussed.