Determination of total carbon and total organic carbon from volatile air pollutants

Summary The method developed based on the determination of TC and TOC in the form of the total amount of CO₂ requires application of the proper techniques for the final determination of CO₂. The possibility of using a stream of carrier gas at a convenient flow-rate for desorbing quantitatively CO₂ concentrated on a molecular sieve permits use of a wide variety of known analytical techniques for the final determination of CO₂. Various methods were compared on the basis of both absolute and calibration measurements. The absolute methods chosen were gravimetric (classical or an automated version based on application of a gravimetric automat and automatic recording balance), thermogravimetric analysis and coulometry. The calibration methods included thermal conductivity, the flame-ionization detector (after conversion of CO₂ into methane) and infrared absorption. Usefulness of the methods was evaluated on the basis of comparative statistical analysis of experimental data with respect to precision (Snedecor'sF-test and Bartlett'sU ²-test) and accuracy (Student'st-test).

---

Zusammenfassung Das entwickelte Verfahren zur Bestimmung des TC- und TOC-Gehaltes in Form der gesamten Menge CO₂ erfordert die Anwendung geeigneter Analysentechniken zur Endbestimmung dieser Verbindung. Die Möglichkeit einer Desorption des am Molekularsieb angereicherten CO₂ in einem Gasstrom mit geeignetem Durchfluß erlaubt zur Endbestimmung von CO₂ die Anwendung einer Reihe verschiedener Analysenverfahren. Die Anwendbarkeit verschiedener, auf Absolutverfahren und auch auf relativen Messungen beruhender Methoden wurde vergleichend untersucht. Die folgenden Methoden zur CO₂-Bestimmung wurden gewählt: die Gravimetrie (klassische oder automatisierte unter Einsatz eines Wägeautomaten und einer registrierenden Waage), die Thermogravimetrie und die Coulometrie. Von den relativen Methoden wurden die Thermokonduktometrie, der Flammenionisationsdetektor (nach Umsetzung von CO₂ zu Methan) und das IR-Absorptionsmeßverfahren geprüft. Die Anwendbarkeit der Methoden wurde mit Hilfe statistischer Prüfverfahren beurteilt, wobei die Präzision (SnedecorsF-Test und BartlettsU ²-Test) und die Genauigkeit (Studentst-Test) der erhaltenen Analysenwerte verglichen wurden.

     

Methyl 3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)prop‐2‐enoate

The title mol­ecule, C₁₁H₁₂O₃, is almost planar, with an average deviation of the C and O atoms from the least‐squares plane of 0.146 (4) Å. The geometry about the C=C bond is trans. The phenyl ring and –COOCH₃ group are twisted with respect to the double bond by 9.3 (3) and 5.6 (5)°, respectively. The endocyclic angle at the junction of the propenoate group and the phenyl ring is decreased from 120° by 2.6 (2)°, whereas two neighbouring angles around the ring are increased by 2.3 (2) and 0.9 (2)°. This is probably associated with the charge‐transfer interaction of the phenyl ring and –COOCH₃ group through the C=C double bond. The mol­ecules are joined together through C—H?O hydrogen bonds between the methoxy and ester groups to form characteristic zigzag chains extended along the c axis.     

Sampling and sample-preparation strategies based on solid-phase microextraction for analysis of indoor air

Applications of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) to the sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds in indoor air are reviewed, including a summary of quantification methods, coatings, compounds, concentrations, sampling locations and times, and detection limits. Strategies for on-site and off-site sampling and analysis, advantages and challenges associated with SPME for air sampling are discussed.     

Nucleoside H-Phosphonates. 17. Synthetic and (31)P NMR Studies on the Preparation of Dinucleoside H-Phosphonothioates

Formation of H-phosphonothioate diesters via condensation of H-phosphonate monoesters with a hydroxylic component in the presence of various coupling agents and possible side reactions that may accompany this process were studied using (31)P NMR spectroscopy. Optimal reaction conditions, which eliminate or significantly suppress the side reactions, have been designed and assessed in syntheses of dinucleoside H-phosphonothioate diesters.     

Passive sampling and/or extraction techniques in environmental analysis: a review

The current state-of-the-art of passive sampling and/or extraction methods for long-term monitoring of pollutants in different environmental compartments is discussed in this review. Passive dosimeters that have been successfully used to monitor organic and inorganic contaminants in air, water, sediments, and soil are presented. The application of new approaches to the determination of pollutants at the sampling stage is discussed. The main milestones in the development of passive techniques for sampling and/or extraction of analytes, and in biomonitors used in environmental analysis, are summarized in this review. Passive samplers and biomonitors are compared.     

Spectroscopic and theoretical investigation of molecular complexes of 2,4,6-trinitropyridine-1-oxide with some pyridine derivatives

Summary Stability constants and enthalpies of formation were determined forEDA complexes of 2,4,6-trinitropyridine-1-oxide (TNPO) with some pyridine bases. Energies of transition,hv _CT , calculated by the SCF MO CI-1 PPP method fit well the corresponding experimental data. Based on these results, geometries for the systems under study are proposed.

---

Spektroskopische und theoretische Untersuchung von molekularen Komplexen des 2,4,6-Trinitropyridin-1-oxids mit einigen Pyridinderivaten

Zusammenfassung Es wurden Stabilitätskonstanten und Bildungsenthalpiewerte einigerEDA-Komplexe von 2,4,6-Trinitropyridin-1-oxid mit ausgewählten Pyridinbasen bestimmt. Dabei wurde eine gute Übereinstimnmung zwischen den Anregungsenergienhv _CT aus den UV-VIS-Spektren und den mit der SCF-MO-CI-1 PPP-Methode errechneten Werten gefunden. Es werden für die untersuchten Komplexe entsprechende Strukturen vorgeschlagen.

     

Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen. 237. Mitteilung. (2S, 3R, 4R, 6R)-2,3,4-Trihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexanon aus zwei Actinomyceten-Stämmen

(2S, 3R, 4R, 6R)-2,3,4-Trihydroxy-6-methylcyclohexanone from Two Strains of Actinomycetes A tetrazolium-blue positive compound was isolated from two strains of acinomycetes. Its constitution and relative configuration 1 were determined by spectroscopic methods, and the absolute configuration by degradation to (+)-(R)-methylsuccinic acid.     

Circular dichroism of 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene derivatives reveals both the absolute configuration and conformation: a novel approach to Mislow's helicity rule

The absolute configuration and the conformation of 9,10-trans-disubstituted 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes, known chiral metabolites of phenanthrene-9,10-oxide, have been determined by circular dichroism. The absolute configuration assignment is based on the sign of the long-wavelength Cotton effect (A-band), which is conformation invariant and originates from benzylic chirality. This provides a new interpretation of the Mislow biphenyl-helicity rule for the case of the 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene chromophore. The sign of the B-band Cotton effect reflects the conformation of the biphenyl chromophore in 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes. It is shown that the origin of chiroptical properties of 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes is closely related to those of 5,6-trans-disubstituted 1,3-cyclohexadienes.     

Ab initio calculations of relativistic and electron correlation effects in polyatomics using the universal Gaussian basis set: XeF2

Ab initio accurate all-electron relativistic molecular orbital Dirac–Fock self-consistent field calculations are reported for the linear symmetric XeF₂ molecule at various internuclear distances with our recently developed relativistic universal Gaussian basis set. The nonrelativistic limit Hartree–Fock calculations were also performed for XeF₂ at various internuclear distances. The relativistic correction to the electronic energy of XeF₂ was calculated as ～ ?215 hartrees (?5850 eV) by using the Dirac–Fock method. The dominant magnetic part of the Breit interaction correction to the nonrelativistic interelectron Coulomb repulsion was included in our calculations by both the Dirac–Fock–Breit self-consistent field and perturbation methods. The calculated Breit correction is ～6.5 hartrees (177 eV) for XeF₂. The relativistic Dirac–Fock as well as the nonrelativistic HF wave functions predict XeF₂ to be unbound, due to neglect of electron correlation effects. These effects were incorporated for XeF₂ by using various ab initio post Hartree–Fock methods. The calculated dissociation energy obtained using the MP 2(full) method with our extensive basis set of 313 primitive Gaussians that included d and f polarization functions on Xe and F is 2.77 eV, whereas the experimental dissociation energy is 2.78 eV. The calculated correlation energy is ～ ?2 hartrees (?54 eV) at the predicted internuclear distance of 1.986 Å, which is in excellent agreement with the experimental Xe—F distance of 1.979 Å in XeF₂. In summary, electron correlation effects must be included in accurate ab initio calculations since it has been shown here that their inclusion is crucial for obtaining theoretical dissociation energy (D_e) close to experimental value for XeF₂. Furthermore, relativistic effects have been shown to make an extremely significant contribution to the total energy and orbital binding energies of XeF₂. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.