On the growth of percolation clusters: The effects of time correlations

We discuss the effects of the time correlations in the choice of growth sites for percolation clusters in two dimensions. To this end, we study two well-defined models: (i) FIFO (First-In, First-Out), in which the next-cluster growth site is theoldest, and (ii) FILO (First-In, Last-Out), where the next cluster growth site to be chosen is thenewest. We find that FIFO and FILO have dramatically differentkinetic exponents, even though thestatic exponents are the same (viz., percolation exponents). We find that the percolation thresholdp _c is analogous to the point of a linear polymer, and we develop the corresponding tricritical point scaling relations.Dedicated to B. Mühlschlegel on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Gas chromatographic analysis of estrogens. II

Summary A simple method is described for the introduction of samples to a gas Chromatograph by means of a septumless port. The reproducibility and accuracy of the method have been shown by the analysis of ng quantities of estrone, estradiol, and estriol as the heptafluorobutyrates with an electron capture detector.

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Zusammenfassung Die Einbringung von Proben in einen Gaschromatographen durch einen membranlosen Einspritzblock wurde beschrieben. Die Reproduzierbarkeit und Genauigkeit der so erhaltenen Ergebnisse wurde durch die Bestimmung von Nanogrammengen Östron, Östradiol und Östriol als Heptafluorobutyrate mit einem Elektroneneinfangdetektor erwiesen.

     

Trace element determinations in shale oil products by neutron activation

Neutron activation offers some important advantages for the determination of selected trace elements in shale oil products. This paper gives techniques and results of a study of crude shale oil and naphtha, heavy distillate, and wax products of shale oil. The elements determined were Al, As, Au, Br, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, I, K, Mn. Mo, Na, S, Sb, Se, V, and Zn. Some elements (Mn, Na, As) tend to accumulate in heavier fractions, whereas chlorine and iodine are concentrated in the more volatile fractions. The volatility of sulphur compounds in the shale oil products appears to be essentially uniform, with some tendency toward accumulation in distillation residues. The tendency for the trace elements to accumulate in the waxes that precipitated from cooled heavy distillates was very low.     

High-resolution NMR spectroscopy of membrane proteins in aligned bicelles

High-resolution solid-state NMR spectra can be obtained from uniformly (15)N-labeled membrane proteins in magnetically aligned bicelles. Fast uniaxial diffusion about the axis of the bilayer normal results in single-line spectra that contain the orientational information necessary for protein structure determination.     

Chemistry of the phenoxathiins and isosterically related heterocycles. XXXI. Synthesis of the 1,3-diazaphenoxathiin ring system and the relationship of the 13C-NMR chemical shift of the C-10a resonances to the molecular dihedral angle determined by X-Ray diffraction: A further investigation

Synthesis of the 1,3-diazaphenoxathiin ring system and the confirmation of its structure by ¹³C-nmr spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography are reported. Implications of the ¹³C-nmr chemical shift of the C-10a resonance and its relationship to the molecular dihedral angle are presented. The molecule crystallizes in the Pbca space group and was found to have a dihedral angle of 165.5(9)°, the structure refining to a final R-factor of T = 0.0427.     

Investigation of water environments in a C18 bonded silica phase using 1H magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

High resolution 1H magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra have been obtained on typical C18 bonded silicas used in chromatographic solid-phase extraction separations. It has been shown for the first time that water molecules distributed in distinct physico-chemical environments within the chromatographic system can be detected directly using a simple 1H MAS NMR measurement. The resonances assigned to water protons in differing physico-chemical environments have distinct chemical shifts, line widths, relaxation times (T1 and T2) and also exhibit temperature dependent coalescence behaviour. This novel MAS approach may lead to a better understanding of the environments of other analytes in mixtures during such separations.     

Entropy-enthalpy compensations in solutions of dual character molecules with polymeric chromatographic liquid phases

Careful gas chromatographic studies provide thermodynamic data for insights into solution processes in nonvolatile solvents. Using 24 solutes and five stationary phases, several entropy-enthalpy compensation effects in the thermodynamics of solution were identified. Despite solute structure differences, when excess enthalpy and entropy of solutions were examined, entropy-enthalpy compensation effects were found in solvents dominated by single types of interaction: squalane and, to some extent, methoxy poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). The main reason for the absence of linearity in other solvents is pure solute state interactions in the reference state and the multicharacter nature of solvents. In this study, consideration of solute state interactions was removed through examination of the thermodynamics of transfer between solvent pairs. It was found that solute transfers from squalane to poly[methyl(trifluoropropyl)siloxane] (QF-1) and to poly(methylphenyl) (DC-550) also gave linear relationships. The former system contains a second correlation for ester type solutes. The transfer data for squalane to poly(methylsiloxane) (DC-200) had smaller ranges and were more scattered. The effects of derivatizing groups on the transfer enthalpy and entropy were treated as a summation of hydrocarbon cores with the derivative groups. The group properties of transfer then also show entropy-enthalpy compensation effects. Many solution effects could be explained on the basis of solvent composition and local interactions with solutes.