Influence of the Degree of Deacetylation of Chitosan and BMP-2 Concentration on Biocompatibility and Osteogenic Properties of BMP-2/PLA Granule-Loaded Chitosan/β-Glycerophosphate Hydrogels

Compositions based on chitosan/β-glycerophosphate hydrogels with highly porous polylactide granules can be used to obtain moldable bone graft materials that have osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties. To eliminate the influence of such characteristics as chain length, degree of purification, and molecular weight on a designed material, the one-stock chitosan sample was reacetylated to degrees of deacetylation (DD%) of 19.5, 39, 49, 55, and 56. A study of the chitosan/β-glycerophosphate hydrogel with chitosan of a reduced DD% showed that a low degree of deacetylation increased the MSCs (multipotent stromal cells) viability rate in vitro and reduced the leukocyte infiltration in subcutaneous implantation to Wistar rats in vivo. The addition of 12 wt% polylactide granules resulted in optimal composite mechanical and moldable properties, and increased the modulus of elasticity of the hydrogel-based material by approximately 100 times. Excessive filling of the material with PLA (polylactide) granules (more than 20%) led to material destruction at a ~10% strain. Osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties of the chitosan hydrogel-based material with reacetylated chitosan (39 DD%) and highly porous polylactide granules impregnated with BMP-2 (bone morphogenetic protein-2) have been demonstrated in models of orthotopic and ectopic bone formation. When implanted into a critical-size calvarial defect in rats, the optimal concentration of BMP-2 was 10 μg/mL: bone tissue areas filled the entire material’s thickness. Implantation of the material with 50 μg/mL BMP-2 was accompanied with excessive growth of bone tissue and material displacement beyond the defect. Significant osteoinductive and osteoconductive properties of the material with 10 μg/mL of BMP-2 were also shown in subcutaneous implantation.     

On the output function in a Ginsburg’s machine

We give the form of the output function in Ginsburg’s machine in which the input and output dictionaries are abelian groups and the transition function is of a special form.     

Extraction-chromatographic behavior of Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) on TRU and LN resins in mixtures of HNO3 and HF

The behavior of group-4 homologs Zr and Hf on extraction-chromatographic sorbents LN resin and TRU resin in mixtures of HF and HNO₃ is considered. Distribution coefficients of the elements in the mixtures of 5·10⁻⁴ M–1 M HF and 0.01 M–5 M HNO₃ are determined. Strong retention of both elements was found on LN resin in the range of concentrations c(HF) ≤ 0.01 M for all concentrations of HNO₃. Retention tends to gradually disappear while increasing c(HF) to 0.5 M. On TRU resin retention is observed only in solutions with c(HNO₃) ≥ 2 M and c(HF) ≤ 0.01 M. The possibility of separating Zr(IV) and Hf(IV) on LN resin is illustrated in two different acid mixtures, whereas their separation on TRU resin under the conditions studied in this work is difficult. The results obtained can be used to isolate analytes from multicomponent mixtures during analytical tasks, as well as to separate them from each other.

     

Diastereoselective Cyclobutenol Synthesis: A Heterogeneous Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Carbocyclization-Borylation of Enallenols

A highly selective and efficient oxidative carbocyclization/borylation of enallenols catalyzed by palladium immobilized on amino-functionalized siliceous mesocellular foam (Pd-AmP-MCF) was developed for diastereoselective cyclobutenol synthesis. The heterogeneous palladium catalyst can be recovered and recycled without any observed loss of activity or selectivity. The high diastereoselectivity of the reaction is proposed to originate from a directing effect of the enallenol hydroxyl group. Optically pure cyclobutenol synthesis was achieved by the heterogeneous strategy by using chiral enallenol obtained from kinetic resolution.