Analytical structure of Hermite Gaussian beam in far field

Based on the vectorial structure of electromagnetic beam and the method of stationary phase, the analytical structure of Hermite Gaussian beam in far field is presented. The structural energy flux distributions are also investigated in the far field. The structural pictures of some Hermite Gaussian beams are depicted in the far field. As the structure of Hermite Gaussian beam is dominated by the transverse mode numbers and the initial transverse Gaussian half width, it is more complex than that of Gaussian beam. The ratios of the structural energy fluxes to the whole energy flux are independent of the transverse mode numbers and the initial transverse Gaussian half width. The present research reveals the internal vectorial structure of Hermite Gaussian beam from other viewpoint.\     

平面波经小圆孔衍射的轴上光强特性

基于精确的衍射场公式和横截面上光强的精确表述，分析讨论了单色平面光波经小圆孔衍射后，其衍射光束轴上光强的最大值以及轴上光强极值的数目和小圆孔半径的关系；并且由此考察了一般的菲涅耳数计算公式的使用条件。     

光阑对平面光波傍轴性的影响

 根据单色光傍轴度的定义,分别研究了圆形光阑和方形光阑对平面光波傍轴性的影响。推导出平面光波经圆形光阑和方形光阑衍射后其傍轴度的解析表达式。平面光波经圆形光阑或方形光阑衍射后,其傍轴性下降,傍轴度小于1,傍轴度下降量取决于光阑尺寸与入射平面光波波长的比值。数值计算结果表明：随光阑尺寸与入射平面光波波长的比值从零开始增大,平面衍射光波的傍轴度从零开始快速增大而后趋于一饱和值,但光阑的形状不影响平面衍射光波的傍轴性。     

涡旋洛伦兹-高斯光束的远场矢量结构特征

利用矢量角谱法和稳相法,研究了涡旋洛伦兹-高斯光束的远场矢量结构特征,导出了横电项(TE项)和横磁项(TM项)远场电磁场和相应能流的解析表达式。通过相应的数值计算,分析了拓扑电荷数对涡旋洛伦兹-高斯光束及其矢量结构项远场能流分布的影响。TE项由位于竖直方向的2瓣或3瓣组成,TM项可由TE项旋转90得到。涡旋洛伦兹-高斯光束在拓扑电荷数小时内部中空,外部亮环均匀分布。增大拓扑电荷数,涡旋洛伦兹-高斯光束外部亮环上的能流呈起伏分布,内部变化相对复杂。涡旋洛伦兹-高斯光束及其矢量结构项的光斑尺寸随拓扑电荷数的增大而增大,但会饱和。研究显示,涡旋洛伦兹-高斯光束在实际应用时拓扑电荷数不宜过大。     

高斯涡旋光束的光束传输因子和峭度参数

基于强度二阶矩定义, 导出了高斯涡旋光束光束传输因子即M² 因子的解析表达式, 高斯涡旋光束的M² 因子唯一取决于拓扑电荷数n. 数值计算表明, 高斯涡旋光束的M² 因子随着拓扑电荷数n的增大而增大. 基于强度高阶矩, 还导出了高斯涡旋光束经傍轴ABCD光学系统传输时峭度参数的解析表达式, 高斯涡旋光束的峭度参数取决于拓扑电荷数n、参数δ、矩阵元A和矩阵元D. 在自由空间传输时, 高斯涡旋光束的峭度参数仅取决于拓扑电荷数n和参数δ. 自由空间传输时, 高斯涡旋光束峭度参数的变化规律为: 峭度参数随参数δ的增大先减小而后趋向于一最小值, 随拓扑电荷数n的增大而减小. 这一研究有助于高斯涡旋光束的实际应用.     

拉盖尔-高斯光束的近场矢量结构特征

直接以麦克斯韦方程组的解表征拉盖尔-高斯光束。基于麦克斯韦方程组解的矢量角谱表述和电磁光束的矢量结构理论,利用一些数学技巧导出了拉盖尔-高斯光束的TE项和TM项在近场的解析表达式。利用所导出的公式,在近场描绘了拉盖尔-高斯光束的TE项、TM项及整个光束的光强分布。并对角度依赖分别为余弦和正弦关系的拉盖尔-高斯光束的矢量结构进行了比较,结果显示两者整个光束的光斑完全相似,唯一的区别是子瓣的空间方位不同且两者的内部矢量结构完全不相同。     

Manipulating the Flipping of Water Dipoles in Carbon Nanotubes

Flipping of water dipoles in carbon nanotubes is of great importance in many physical and biological applications,such as signal amplification,molecular switches and nano-gates.Ahead of these applications,understanding and inhibiting the non-negligible thermal noise is essential.Here,we use molecular dynamics simulations to show that the flipping frequency of water dipoles increases with the rising temperature,and the thermal noise can be suppressed by imposed charges and external uniform electric fields.Furthermore,the water dipoles flip periodically between two equiprobable and stable states under alternating electric fields.These two stable states may be adopted to store 0 and 1 bits for memory storage or molecular computing.     

Nonparaxial propagation of a vectorial apertured off-axis Lorentz beam

Based on the vectorial Rayleigh--Sommerfeld integral formula and the complex Gaussian expansion of the hard-edge aperture function, an analytical propagation expression for a nonparaxial vectorial off-axis Lorentz beam passing through a rectangular aperture is derived. The unapertured case, the far field expression and the scalar paraxial result are also presented as special cases of the general formulae, respectively. Some numerical examples are also given to show the propagation characteristics of a nonparaxial vectorial off-axis Lorentz beam through a rectangular aperture. It is indicated that the f parameter, the off-axis displacement and the truncation parameter all play an important role in determining nonparaxial propagation behaviour.     

Fractional Fourier transform of Lorentz beams

This paper introduces Lorentz beams to describe certain laser sources that produce highly divergent fields. The fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) is applied to treat the propagation of Lorentz beams. Based on the definition of convolution and the convolution theorem of the Fourier transform, an analytical expression for a Lorentz beam passing through a FRFT system has been derived. By using the derived formula, the properties of a Lorentz beam in the FRFT plane are illustrated numerically.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of the effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate on lipid bilayer

Molecular dynamics simulations have been performed on the fully hydrated lipid bilayer with different concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS). SDS can readily penetrate into the membrane. The insertion of SDS causes a decrease in the bilayer area and increases in the bilayer thickness and lipid tail order, when the fraction of SDS is less than 28%.Through calculating the binding energy, we confirm that the presence of SDS strengthens the interactions among the DPPC lipids, while SDS molecules act as intermedia. Both the strong hydrophilic interactions between sulfate and phosphocholine groups and the hydrophobic interactions between SDS and DPPC hydrocarbon chains contribute to the tight packing and ordered alignment of the lipids. These results are in good agreement with the experimental observations and provide atomic level information that complements the experiments.