Phototoxic process after rapid photosensitive membrane damage of 5,5"-bis(aminomethyl)-2,2':5',2"-terthiophene dihydrochloride

We report a new aspect of rapid (<30 s) light-induced cell membrane damage photosensitized by 5,5"-bis(aminomethyl)-2,2':5',2"-terthiophene dihydrochloride (BAT), which is a water-soluble alpha-terthienyl analogue, using a high-power laser (light intensity 1.6 W cm(-2)). In this paper, we will discuss the relationship between the exposure time of the cells to the photosensitizer and the phototoxic process. Three toxic processes can be identified: first, a non-light-mediated toxicity dependent on BAT-cell incubation; second, a phototoxicity independent of BAT exposure time when the BAT concentration is in the 2-10-microM range; third, a phototoxicity dependent on BAT exposure time when BAT concentration becomes 20 microM. The cytotoxicity decreases when alpha-tocopherol, an antioxidant, is added to a cell membrane. This pattern of phototoxicity is the typical of a phospholipid peroxidation chain reaction and oxidative damage of membrane proteins triggered by a reactive oxygen species generated by a triplet state of BAT. The BAT exposure time is clearly correlated with the partition of the photosensitizer in the cell membrane and inside the cell.     

Retention,enantioselectivity and enantiomeric elution order of propranolol and its ester derivatives on an alpha1-acid glycoprotein-bonded column

Summary The retention, enantionselectivity and enantiomeric elution order of racemic propranolol (PP) and its ester derivatives (O-acetyl,-propionyl,-butyrul and-valeryl PP) on an ₁-acid glycoprotein (AGP)-bonded column have been investigated by changing eluent composition (eluent pH, buffer concentration, type and content of organic modifier). The retention of these cationic solutes, PP and its ester derivatives, was influenced by eluent pH, ionic strength and organic modifier content. The enantioselectivity was dependent on eluent pH and type of organic modifier. Reversal of the enantiomeric elution order of ester derivatives of PP (O-propionyl-butyryl) and-valeryl PP) occurred around eluent pH 6–7. These results suggst that chiral recognition or binding properties may be altered by the change in eluent composition, espeically eluent pH and type of organic modifier.     

An efficient synthesis of the orally-active GpIIb/IIIa antagonist FR184764

An efficient synthesis of the orally-active GpIIb/IIIa antagonist FR184764 was achieved. The key intermediate, an optically active ethynyl β-amino ester, was synthesized efficiently by utilizing a lipase catalyzed kinetic resolution step.     

Preparation of aromatic copolyesteramides by the direct polycondensation with a vilsmeier adduct derived from tosyl chloride and N,N-dimethylformamide

The reaction promoted by Vilsmeier adduct derived from tosyl chloride (TsCl) with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) was successfully applied to the preparation of copolyesteramides of high molecular weights directly from aromatic dicarboxylic acids, diamines, and bisphenols. The polycondensation was significantly affected by the reaction of activated dicarboxylic acids with bisphenols and diamines. Addition of a mixture of bisphenols and diamines likely caused gelation of the reaction mixtures, resulting in insoluble polymers, especially with high mol % diamines. Stepweise addition of them, however, gave the homogeneous reaction mixtures and copolymers of better solubility. These phenomena were studied in terms of sequence length distribution of polyester units, which was estimated by thermal analyses of the random copolymers prepared under various conditions for the initial reaction with bisphenols.     

Radical-initiated homo- and copolymerization of α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone

The kinetics of α-methylene-γ-butyrolactone (α-MBL) homopolymerization was investigated in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) with azobis(isobutyronitrile) as initiator. The rate of polymerization (R_p) was expresed by R_p = k[AIBN]^0.54[α-MBL]^1.1 and the overall activation energy was calculated as 76.1 kJ/mol. Kinetic constants for α-MBL polymerization were obtained as follows: k_p/k_t^1/2 = 0.161 L^1/2 mol^?1/2·s^?1/2; 2fk_d = 2.18 × 10^?5 s^?1. The relative reactivity ratios of α-MBL(M₂) copolymerization with styrene (r₁ = 0.14, r₂ = 0.87) were obtained. Applying the Q–e scheme led to Q = 2.2 and e = 0.65. These Q and e values for α-MBL are higher than those for MMA     

Separation of stereoisomers of some terpene derivatives by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography using beta-cyclodextrin derivative columns

Gas chromatographic separations of the stereoisomers of menthol derivatives, important intermediates in the synthesis of physiologically active natural products, were carried out on several substituted beta-cyclodextrin (CD) columns, including per-O-methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (PME-beta-CD), heptakis(2,3-di-O-acetyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-CD (DIAC-6-TBDS-beta-CD), and heptakis(2,3-di-O-methyl-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-CD (DIME-6-TBDS-beta-CD) as chiral stationary phases (CSPs). With the DIME-6-TBDS-beta-CD column, a separation of the Z- and E-isomers of methylidenementhol was accomplished; no separation was achieved with the other columns. The stereoisomers of methylidenementhol and the corresponding tert-butyldimethylsilyl (TBS) ether were separated on both the beta-CD and the heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-beta-cyclodextrin (TME-beta-CD) columns by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a mobile phase involving acetonitrile and H(2)O. For the separation of the Z- and E-isomers of methylidenementhol, the TME-beta-CD column was superior. In contrast, the beta-CD column was preferable in the case of the corresponding TBS ether.     

A new synthesis, including asymmetric synthesis, of spiro[4.n]alkenones from three components: cyclic ketones, chloromethyl p-tolyl sulfoxide, and acetonitrile; and a formal total synthesis of racemic acorone

1-Chlorovinyl p-tolyl sulfoxides were synthesized from several kinds of cyclic ketones and chloromethyl p-tolyl sulfoxide in good yields. Treatment of the 1-chlorovinyl p-tolyl sulfoxides with cyanomethyllithium at −78°C to room temperature gave spirocyclic enaminonitriles in high yields. Acidic treatment of the enaminonitriles afforded spiro[4.n]alkenones in good yields. By using an unsymmetrical cyclic ketone, α-tetralone, and optically active chloromethyl p-tolyl sulfoxide, this procedure afforded enantiomerically pure spiro[4.5]decenone in good yield with excellent asymmetric induction from the sulfoxide chiral center. By using this method a formal total synthesis of a racemic spirocyclic sesquiterpene, acorone, was realized.     

Improved modification for the density-functional theory calculation of thermodynamic properties for C-H-O composite compounds

A three-parametric modification equation and the least-squares approach are adopted to calibrating hybrid density-functional theory energies of C(1)-C(10) straight-chain aldehydes, alcohols, and alkoxides to accurate enthalpies of formation DeltaH(f) and Gibbs free energies of formation DeltaG(f), respectively. All calculated energies of the C-H-O composite compounds were obtained based on B3LYP6-311++G(3df,2pd) single-point energies and the related thermal corrections of B3LYP6-31G(d,p) optimized geometries. This investigation revealed that all compounds had 0.05% average absolute relative error (ARE) for the atomization energies, with mean value of absolute error (MAE) of just 2.1 kJ/mol (0.5 kcal/mol) for the DeltaH(f) and 2.4 kJ/mol (0.6 kcal/mol) for the DeltaG(f) of formation.     

Low-capacity cation-exchange chromatography of ultraviolet-absorbing urinary basic metabolites using a reversed-phase column coated with hexadecylsulfonate

A low-capacity cation-exchange HPLC method for the determination of UV-absorbing organic cations such as amino acids, histidine dipeptides, and creatinine was developed. A commercially available reversed-phase column was dynamically coated with hexadecylsulfonate, and was successfully used for the cation-exchange separation with ethylenediammonium eluting ion at pH 2.5. The coated column was enough stable for the specific use with a completely aqueous mobile phase at low and constant pH; and the day-to-day reproducibility for retention time was 0.9-1.7% of RSD (relative standard deviation). The linear relation between concentrations and detector responses (area) by using a photodiode-array UV detection at 210 nm ranged from 0.2 to 1000 microM (sample size 50 microl) for 1-methylhistidine, 3-methylhistidine, histidine, creatinine, anserine, carnosine, and homocarnosine, and from 0.5 to 2000 microM for creatine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, with less than 5% of RSD. The UV spectrum (190-300 nm) obtained during chromatography was very indicative for each analyte. Overall recoveries were 97-104%. The developed HPLC method in conjunction with preliminary fractionation technique could be applied to the analysis of urine of patient with metabolic disorder such as phenylketonuria.     

Cationic polymerization of γ-methyl- and α-methylphenylallene

The cationic polymerizations of γ-methylphenylallene ( 1 ) and α-methylphenylallene ( 2 ) were carried out with some Lewis acids at 25 and 0°C in dichloromethane to obtain the corresponding polymers through allyl cations, respectively. Tin (IV) chloride was found to be an effective catalyst for the cationic polymerization of both allenes 1 and 2 compared with other Lewis acids. Thus, in the polymerization of 1 , methanol-insoluble polymer was only obtained using Tin (IV) chloride, and M?_n of methanol-insoluble polymer obtained by Tin (IV) chloride was the highest in the polymerization of 2 . From the analysis of ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR spectra of the obtained polymers, the polymer from 1 consisted of two kinds of units polymerized by each double bonds of allene 1 , whereas the polymer from 2 consisted of only one unit polymerized by terminal double bond of allene 2 . Moreover, effect of solvent on the cationic polymerizations of 1 and 2 were discussed.