Optical bistability in axially modulated OmniGuide fibers

We demonstrate the feasibility of optical bistability in an axially modulated nonlinear OmniGuide fiber through analytical theory and detailed numerical experiments. At 1.55-microm carrier wavelength, the in-fiber devices that we propose can operate with only a few tens of milliwatts of power, can have a nearly instantaneous response and recovery time, and can be shorter than 100 microm.     

Optimal focusing by spatio-temporal inverse filter. I. Basic principles

A focusing technique based on the inversion of the propagation operator relating an array of transducers to a set of control points inside a medium was proposed in previous work [Tanter et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108, 223-234 (2000)] and is extended here to the time domain. As the inversion of the propagation operator is achieved both in space and time, this technique allows calculation of the set of temporal signals to be emitted by each element of the array in order to optimally focus on a chosen control point. This broadband inversion process takes advantage of the singular-value decomposition of the propagation operator in the Fourier domain. The physical meaning of this decomposition is explained in a homogeneous medium. In particular, a definition of the number of degrees of freedom necessary to define the acoustic field generated by an array of limited aperture in a focal plane of limited extent is given. This number corresponds to the number of independent signals that can be created in the focal area both in space and time. In this paper, this broadband inverse-focusing technique is compared in homogeneous media with the classical focusing achieved by simple geometrical considerations but also with time-reversal focusing. It is shown that, even in a simple medium, slight differences appear between these three focusing strategies. In the companion paper [Aubry et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 48-58 (2001)] the three focusing techniques are compared in heterogeneous, absorbing, or complex media where classical focusing is strongly degraded. The strong improvement achieved by the spatio-temporal inverse-filter technique emphasizes the great potential of multiple-channel systems having the ability to apply completely different signal waveforms on each transducer of the array. The application of this focusing technique could be of great interest in various ultrasonic fields such as medical imaging, nondestructive testing, and underwater acoustics.     

Acoustical imaging through a multiple scattering medium using a time-reversal mirror

Acoustical imaging is based on the ability to focus an acoustic beam inside the zone of interest. This remains an issue through a high-order multiple scattering medium because the electronic delay lines that enable one to focus through a multiple scattering medium are a priori unknown. Using time-reversal principles, we show that images can be obtained through a very disordered medium. Surprisingly, the images are better than those obtained in a homogeneous medium with a classical imaging device.     

Joys and pitfalls of fermi surface mapping in Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8+delta) using angle resolved photoemission

On the basis of angle-scanned photoemission data recorded using unpolarized radiation, with high (E,k) resolution, and an extremely dense sampling of k space, we resolve the current controversy regarding the normal state Fermi surface (FS) in Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8+delta). The true picture is simple, self-consistent, and robust: the FS is holelike, with the form of rounded tubes centered on the corners of the Brillouin zone. Two further types of features are also clearly observed: shadow FSs, which are most likely to be due to short range antiferromagnetic spin correlations, and diffraction replicas of the main FS caused by passage of the photoelectrons through the modulated Bi-O planes.     

Hydrodynamics of nematic ferrofluids

The European Physical Journal E - We derive hydrodynamic equations for nematic ferrofluids (ferronematics) in the limit that the magnetic degree of freedom has relaxed to its equilibrium value. We...     

Zur Bestimmung von Doppelbindungsanteilen in Polyolefinen durch FTIR-Analyse

Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen von kinetischen Untersuchungen zur Olefinpolymerisation mußten geringe Doppelbindungskonzentrationen in Polymeren mit stark differierender Struktur und Konsistenz exakt bestimmt werden. Die quantitative FTIR-Analyse der unterschiedlichen Doppelbindungen wurde dadurch optimiert, daß die Substanzen in der Schmelze vermessen wurden, die IR-Bandengruppen mittels rechnerisch erzeugter Bandenprofile entzerrt und die integralen Absorbanzen der olefinischen Banden bestimmt wurden. Die durch Analyse von Modellsubstanzen ermittelten integralen Extinktionskoeffizienten, bezogen auf 1 cm Schichtdicke und auf eine Doppelbindung pro 10⁵ C-Atome liegen bei 0.93 (Vinyl), 0.95 (trans-Vinylen) und 1.04 (Vinyliden).

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Determination of double bond concentrations in polyolefines by FTIR analysis

Summary In the course of kinetic investigations on olefin polymerization it was necessary to measure the concentration of double bonds in polymers with very variable structure and consistency as exactly as possible. For that purpose, the quantitative FTIR-analysis of the different double bonds was optimized by measuring the melted substances, by analysis of the groups of IR-bands with the help of computer generated band profiles and by determing the integral absorbances of the olefinic bands. The integral extinction coefficients of the vinyl, the trans-vinylene and the vinylidene double bonds were determined by the analysis of model compounds and values of 0.93, 0.95 and 1.04, respectively, for a sample of 1 cm thickness with one double bond per 10⁵ carbon atoms were obtained.

     

Untersuchungen über die Konzentration von D2O in natürlichem Eis. II

Ohne Zusammenfassung