Die Verwendung alkoholischer Lösungen bei der flammenphotometrischen Analyse

Zusammenfassung Wenn man die Genauigkeit und Empfindlichkeit der flammenphotometrischen Bestimmung von Calcium und Magnesium bei der Verwendung einfacher Flammenphotometer besonders steigern will, so eignen sich hierzu die alkoholischen Lösungen von einigen bestimmten Salzen dieser Metalle. So tritt mit steigenden Verbrennungswärmen der homologen Alkohole: Methyl-, Äthyl-, Propyl-, Butyl-, Amylalkohol usw. eine Steigerung der Linienemission ein. Für Calcium und Magnesium ergibt sich in amylalkoholischer Lösung gegenüber Wasser eine Erhöhung des Photostromes des Selenmeßinstrumentes um das Dreifache. Da Ca(NO₃)₂ und CaCl₂, sowie Mg(NO₃)₂, MgCl₂ und MgSO₄ bis zu großen Konzentrationen in Amylalkohol löslich sind, eignen sich diese Salze für die flammenphotometrische Bestimmung von Calcium bzw. Magnesium. Zu den Messungen wird ein Flammenphotometer von Dr. Lange, Berlin, verwendet, das für das Versprühen brennbarer Probeflüssigkeiten umgebaut wurde. Bisher wurde diese Methode zur Bestimmung kleinster Mengen von Ca(NO₃)₂ in technischen Produkten mit großem Erfolg verwendet. Die Reproduzierbarkeit liegt bis 1,00% bei ± 0,02% Ca(NO₃)₂. Für Magnesium liegen die Verhältnisse etwas ungünstiger.

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Summary If it is desired to increase considerably the accuracy and sensitivity of the flame photometric determination of calcium and magnesium when a simple flame photometer is used, it is well to use alcohol solutions of several particular salts of these metals. Thus, with increasing heats of combustion of the homologous alcohols: methyl-, ethyl-, propyl-, butyl-, amyl alcohol, etc., there is an increase of the line emission. For calcium and magnesium, there is a threefold increase of the photocurrent of the selenium instrument when amyl alcohol is used as solvent rather than water. Since calcium nitrate and chloride and likewise magnesium nitrate, chloride, and sulfate are soluble to high concentrations in amyl alcohol, these salts are suitable for the flame photometric determination of these metals. A flame photometer by Dr. Lange of Berlin was employed for the measurements; it was remodeled for the spraying of combustible liquid samples. Up to the present, this method has been employed with great success for determining extremely small amounts of calcium nitrate in technical products. The reproducibility is up to 1% at ± 0.02% calcium nitrate. The results are not so favorable in the case of magnesium.

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Résumé Si l'on désire augmenter beaucoup la sensibilité et la précision de la détermination par photométrie de flamme du calcium et du magnésium à l'aide d'un photomètre à flamme simple, il est commode d'employer des solutions alcooliques de certains sels de ces métaux. Ainsi l'augmentation des chaleurs de combustion des alcools homologues: méthylique, éthylique, propylique, butylique, amylique etc. entraine une augmentation dans l'émission spectrale. Pour le calcium et le magnésium le courant photoélectrique d'une cellule au sélénium est triplé quand on emploie comme solvant l'alcool amylique à la place de l'eau. Puisque le nitrate de calcium, ie chlorure de magnésium ainsi que le sulfate et le nitrate de ce métal, sont très solubles dans l'alcool amylique, ces sels conviennent pour déterminer ces métaux par photométrie de flamme. On a employé pour ces mesures un photomètre de flamme du Dr. Lange de Berlin. Il était modifié pour permettre la pulvérisation de liquides combustibles. Jusqu'à présent cette méthode a été employée avec succès pour la détermination de très petites quantités de nitrate de calcium dans des produits techniques. Jusqu'à 1% la reproductibilité est ± 0,02%. Les résultats ne sont pas aussi favorables dans le cas du magnésium.

     

Fabrication of magnetically separable mesostructured silica with an open pore system

Magnetically separable mesostructured silica with an unobstructed pore system was fabricated through the deposition of cobalt nanoparticles on the outer surface of the submicron-sized silica particles. These cobalt nanoparticles were further protected by a nanometer-thick carbon shell against acid erosion. Due to the fact that the magnetic particles are grafted on the outer surface of the porous silica, the pores are still accessible for further modification, which could widen the application range of porous silica.     

A study of a fullyc-axis oriented dc-sputtered thin film of YBa2(Cu0.98 57Fe0.02)3O6.8 by means of CEMS,XRD and SEM

A fullyc-axis oriented thin film of YBa₂(Cu_0.98 ⁵⁷Fe_0.02)₃O_6.8 prepared by planar dcsputtering has been investigated by means of Mössbauer spectroscopy. Room temperature⁵⁷Fe conversion electron Mössbauer spectra taken at different angles between the -ray direction and the normal (=c-axis) of the film show four subspectra: A (quadrupole splitting E _Q1.9 mm/s), B (E _Q1 mm/s), C (E _Q0.5 m/s) and D (E _Q1.6 mm/s). For subspectra A, B and C, we found the same hyperfine parameters as already published on other samples. The hyperfine parameters for subspectrum D are determined for the first time using a fully oriented sample. For D, we found the asymmetry parameter 0.6 andV _zz (the main component of the electric field gradient) lying in the a-b-plane.     

Non-reactive metal/semiconductor interfaces: a combined AES,AFM andPAC study

Thin In films on Ge(100), Si(100) andSi(111) are investigated using Auger-electron spectroscopy (AES), atomic force microscopy (AFM) andperturbed -angular correlation (PAC) spectroscopy, respectively. The growth mode of the metal films is characterized by in situ AES measurements, indicating distinct differences between the different substrate surfaces. Additional AFM investigations are used to monitor the film topography at higher metal coverage. Finally, the local crystalline structure of the films is studied by the PAC technique.     

The reaction of allenylsilanes with α,β-unsaturated acylsilanes: new annulation approaches to five and six-membered carbocyclic compounds

The reaction of α,β-unsaturated acylsilanes with allenylsilanes can be directed to produce either five or six-membered carbocyclic compounds.     

Intramolecular multiple scattering in electron diffraction from fluoro-methyl halides

Relative elastic differential cross sections for scattering of 1 keV electrons from CF₃H, CF₄, CF₃Cl, CH₃F and CH₃Cl molecules were measured for momentum transfer from 3 Å^?1 to 29 Å^?1. The oscillatory residuals remaining after substraction of the atomic scattering and the molecular interference contributions calculated in the independent atom model are ascribed to the influence of intramolecular multiple scattering. The data reflect the dominant contributions of the CF₃-group and show larger oscillations than obtained from triple scattering calculations according to the method of Liu and Bonham using the second Born approximation.