Synthesis and mesophase behaviour of rigid rod‐like phenylthiophene‐based amphiphilic diol derivatives

Novel amphiphilic block molecules consisting of a rigid 2‐phenylthiophene or 5‐phenylbithienyl core, with a polar glycerol group attached to the phenyl ring and one or two alkyl chains attached to the thiophene ring on the other side, have been synthesised by using Ni(0) and Pd(0) catalyzed coupling reactions as key steps. The thermotropic and solvent‐induced liquid crystalline behaviour of these compounds was investigated by polarising optical microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The influence of the length, number and position of the alkyl chains, and the length of the rigid core, on their mesophase behaviour was investigated. Compounds with one alkyl chain in the terminal 5‐position on the thiophene ring form only smectic A phases, compounds with two adjacent alkyl chains attached in the 4‐ and 5‐positions of the thiophene ring exhibit thermotropic columnar mesophases, and those with two long alkyl chains attached to the 3‐ and 5‐positions form columnar LC phases only in the presence of water. Another compound containing the longer 5‐phenylbithienyl core unit and two alkyl chains attached in lateral positions to each of the thiophene rings is not mesogenic.     

The Structures of ZnCl2-Ethanol Mixtures,a Spectroscopic and Quantum Chemical Calculation Study

We report in this article the structural properties, spectral behavior and heterogeneity of ZnCl₂-ethanol (EtOH) mixtures in a wide-composition range (1:3 to 1:14 in molar ratios), using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. To improve the resolution of the initial IR spectra, excess spectroscopy and two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy were employed. The transformation process was suggested to be from EtOH trimer and EtOH tetramer to EtOH monomer, EtOH dimer and ZnCl₂-3EtOH complex upon mixing. The theoretical findings showed that increasing the content of EtOH was accompanied with the flow of negative charge to ZnCl₂. This led to reinforcement of the Zn←O coordination bonds, increase of the ionic character of Zn‒Cl bond and weakening and even dissociation of the Zn‒Cl bond. It was found that in some of the ZnCl₂-EtOH complexes optimized at the gas phase or under the solvent effect, there existed hydroxyls with a very special interactive array in the form of Cl‒Zn⁺←O‒H^…Cl⁻, which incredibly red-shifted to wavenumbers <3000 cm⁻¹. This in-depth study shows the physical insights of the respective electrolyte alcoholic solutions, particularly the solvation process of the salt, help to rationalize the reported experimental results, and may shed light on understanding the properties of the deep eutectic solvents formed from ZnCl₂ and an alcohol.     

基于损伤泊松比的混凝土多轴强度准则

基于两个基本假定并提出损伤泊松比的概念,应用损伤力学理论和最小耗能原理,根据混凝土单元体的耗能率应受到强度准则的约束,建立了混凝土在多轴应力状态下强度准则的一般形式并揭示混凝土的破坏机理,指出损伤泊松比是决定混凝土破坏的关键.根据混凝土破坏包络面的特征和已有试验资料,初步确定了损伤泊松比的表达式.通过与国内外633组多轴应力下混凝土强度试验资料的比较,结果表明该强度准则计算结果与试验结果符合较好.针对二轴应力状态下,新混凝土强度准则可进一步简化,其形式更简单,且偏于安全.     

圆柱空腔上裂纹的爬波检测方法

通过牛顿迭代法求解了固体内部圆柱空腔上爬波的频散方程,分析了爬波的频散和衰减特性。利用动态光弹法显示了爬波的直观图像和圆柱空腔附近各散射波的空间关系。根据爬波具有的频散、衰减以及辐射横波特征,设计了斜入射脉冲回波实验装置,测量了特定位置处裂纹反射爬波辐射出的横波信号,其与柱面反射波的时差和理论预测一致。进一步实验研究发现,爬波回波幅度与特定位置的裂纹长度具有近似单调的对应关系,在裂纹长度较大时,回波幅度趋于稳定。以上工作为圆柱空腔上裂纹的爬波定量检测提供了物理基础和实现方法。     

裂纹尖端超声散射场及动应力集中的动态光弹观测

超声波在裂纹尖端发生散射和动应力集中。深入研究裂纹尖端与超声波的相互作用是进行裂纹精确检测与评价的物理基础。在线性声学范畴内,裂纹尖端的散射场与弹性动力学的经典Lamb问题类似,而非线性响应更加复杂。利用动态光弹观测技术,可给出超声波在裂纹尖端散射过程的直观物理图像。无论是用于理论结果的实验验证,还是定量分析线性散射场和动应力集中现象,抑或深入探索非线性响应,动态光弹观测技术都可起到重要作用,因此,相关研究将促进检测声学与无损检测技术的发展。     

Eu3+在M3La2(BO3)4(M=Ca,Sr,Ba)中的发光性质

本文报导了M3La2(BO3)4:Eu3+(M=Ca,Sr,Ba)磷光体的制备方法及晶体结构。三种磷光体均属正交晶系。研究了Eu3+离子的光谱特征与基质化合物的关系。发现在三种磷光体中,被Eu3+所取代的La3+离子均只有一种格位,且在此格位上不具备反演操作的对称性;Eu3+在Ca3La2(BO3)4:Eu3+中所处格位的局部对称性最低,属C1,C2和Cs中之一种,在M3La2(BO3)4:Eu3+(M=Sr,Ba)中Eu3+所处格位的局部对称性可能为C2v。     

Nonlinear stability and instability of relativistic Vlasov‐Maxwell systems

We prove the nonlinear stability or instability of certain periodic equilibria of the 1½D relativistic Vlasov‐Maxwell system. In particular, for a purely magnetic equilibrium with vanishing electric field, we prove its nonlinear stability under a sharp criterion by extending the usual Casimir‐energy method in several new ways. For a general electromagnetic equilibrium we prove that nonlinear instability follows from linear instability. The nonlinear instability is macroscopic, involving only the L¹‐norms of the electromagnetic fields. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

A sharp stability criterion for the Vlasov–Maxwell system

We consider the linear stability problem for a 3D cylindrically symmetric equilibrium of the relativistic Vlasov–Maxwell system that describes a collisionless plasma. For an equilibrium whose distribution function decreases monotonically with the particle energy, we obtained a linear stability criterion in our previous paper [24]. Here we prove that this criterion is sharp; that is, there would otherwise be an exponentially growing solution to the linearized system. We also treat the considerably simpler periodic D case. The new formulation introduced here is applicable as well to the non-relativistic case, to other symmetries, and to general equilibria.     

Mechanism analysis on synergistic leaching of uranium from pyrite oxidized by Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - Low-grade uranium ore, which was challenging to be treated economically by conventional methods, can be treated by uranium leaching by bacteria....     

Removal of high concentrations of NO3− from nuclear industrial wastewater by using a fixed-bed bioreactor

In this work, a down-flow fixed bed anaerobic biofilm reactor filled by biological ceramsites were prepared to remove the high concentration of NO₃^? (>?20 g/L) from nuclear industry wastewaters. The effects of hydraulic retention time, the concentration of NO₃^?, the molar ratio of C/N and temperature on the removal efficiencies of NO₃^? were investigated. The results showed that the removal rate of NO₃^? with the initial concentration of 6 g/L can reach 99% or more by controlling the hydraulic retention time at 0.75 h, the molar ratio of C/N at 1.5 and the temperature over 18 °C. In the process, the NO₂^? was not accumulated, and the autotrophic denitrifying bacteria grow well in anaerobic biofilm reactors, proving a usable method for removing the high concentration NO₃^? from nuclear industrial wastewaters.